GDT init (load + flush)

Serial communication

.gitignore

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 limine
 kernel
+pepperk
 iso_root
 *.o
 *.iso

Makefile

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 build:
 	rm -f *.o
-	x86_64-elf-gcc -c -I src src/io/term.c src/io/printf.c src/kmain.c -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -nostdlib -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-PIC -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -mcmodel=kernel
+	x86_64-elf-gcc -g -c -I src src/mem/utils.h src/mem/gdt.c src/io/serial.c src/io/term.c src/io/printf.c src/kmain.c -Wall -Wextra -std=gnu99 -nostdlib -ffreestanding -fno-stack-protector -fno-stack-check -fno-PIC -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -mcmodel=kernel
 	objcopy -O elf64-x86-64 -B i386 -I binary zap-light16.psf zap-light16.o
-	x86_64-elf-ld -o kernel -T linker.ld *.o
+	x86_64-elf-ld -o pepperk -T linker.ld *.o
 
 limine/limine:
 	rm -rf limine
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ limine/limine:
 build-iso: limine/limine build
 	rm -rf iso_root
 	mkdir -p iso_root/boot
-	cp -v kernel iso_root/boot
+	cp -v pepperk iso_root/boot
 	mkdir -p iso_root/boot/limine
 	cp -v limine.conf iso_root/boot/limine
 	mkdir -p iso_root/EFI/BOOT
@@ -23,11 +23,15 @@ build-iso: limine/limine build
 		-no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table -hfsplus \
 		-apm-block-size 2048 --efi-boot boot/limine/limine-uefi-cd.bin \
 		-efi-boot-part --efi-boot-image --protective-msdos-label \
-		iso_root -o kernel.iso
-	./limine/limine bios-install kernel.iso
+		iso_root -o pepper.iso
+	./limine/limine bios-install pepper.iso
+
+debug:
+	qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=pepper.iso -s -S -d int -no-reboot &
+	gdb pepperk --command=debug.gdb
 
 run: build-iso
-	qemu-system-x86_64 -cdrom kernel.iso
+	qemu-system-x86_64 -cdrom pepper.iso -serial stdio
 
 clean:
-	rm -rf *.o kernel iso_root kernel.iso limine
+	rm -rf *.o pepperk iso_root pepper.iso limine

README.md

@@ -13,4 +13,8 @@ PepperOS wouldn't be possible without the following freely-licensed software:
 
 - the [Limine](https://codeberg.org/Limine/Limine) portable bootloader
 - Marco Paland's freestanding [printf implementation](https://github.com/mpaland)
-- the [ZAP](https://www.zap.org.au/projects/console-fonts-zap/) PSF console fonts
+- the [ZAP](https://www.zap.org.au/projects/console-fonts-zap/) PSF console fonts
+
+...and without these amazing resources:
+
+- the [OSDev](https://osdev.org) wiki & forums

debug.gdb

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target remote localhost:1234
+set disassembly-flavor intel

limine.conf

@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@ timeout: 3
 /PepperOS
 	protocol: limine
 
-	path: boot():/boot/kernel
+	path: boot():/boot/pepperk

src/io/serial.c

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#include "../kernel.h"
+
+void outb(int port, unsigned char data)
+{
+    __asm__ __volatile__("outb %%al, %%dx" :: "a" (data),"d" (port));
+}
+
+unsigned char inb(int port)
+{
+    unsigned char data = 0;
+    __asm__ __volatile__("inb %%dx, %%al" : "=a" (data) : "d" (port));
+    return data;
+}
+
+// COM1
+#define PORT 0x3F8
+
+int serial_init()
+{
+    outb(PORT + 1, 0x00);      // Disable all interrupts
+    outb(PORT + 3, 0x80);    // Enable DLAB (set baud rate divisor)
+    outb(PORT + 0, 0x03);    // Set divisor to 3 (lo byte) 38400 baud
+    outb(PORT + 1, 0x00);    //                  (hi byte)
+    outb(PORT + 3, 0x03);    // 8 bits, no parity, one stop bit
+    outb(PORT + 2, 0xC7);    // Enable FIFO, clear them, with 14-byte threshold
+    outb(PORT + 4, 0x0B);    // IRQs enabled, RTS/DSR set
+    outb(PORT + 4, 0x1E);    // Set in loopback mode, test the serial chip
+    outb(PORT + 0, 0xAE);    // Test serial chip (send byte 0xAE and check if serial returns same byte)
+
+    if (inb(PORT) != 0xAE)
+    {
+        return -EIO;
+    }
+
+    // Set normal operation mode
+    outb(PORT + 4, 0x0F);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int is_transmit_empty()
+{
+    return inb(PORT + 5) & 0x20;
+}
+
+void write_serial(char c)
+{
+    while (!is_transmit_empty()); // wait for free spot
+    outb(PORT, c);
+}
+
+void serial_kputs(const char* str)
+{
+    unsigned int i=0;
+    while (str[i])
+    {
+        write_serial(str[i]);
+        i++;
+    }
+}

src/io/serial.h

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#ifndef SERIAL_H
+#define SERIAL_H
+
+void outb(int port, unsigned char data);
+unsigned char inb(int port);
+
+int serial_init();
+void serial_kputs(const char* str);
+
+#endif

src/kernel.h

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 
 enum ErrorCodes
 {
-	ENOMEM
+	ENOMEM,
+	EIO
 };
 
 #endif

src/kmain.c

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
 #include <limine.h>
 #include "io/term.h"
 #include "io/printf.h"
+#include "io/serial.h"
+#include "mem/gdt.h"
+#include "mem/utils.h"
 
 // Limine version used
 __attribute__((used, section(".limine_requests")))
@@ -23,74 +26,6 @@ static volatile LIMINE_REQUESTS_END_MARKER;
 
 struct limine_framebuffer* framebuffer;
 
-// We won't be linked to standard library, but still need the basic mem* functions
-// so everything goes allright with the compiler
-
-// We use the "restrict" keyword on pointers so that the compiler knows it can
-// do more optimization on them (and as it's a much used function, it's good to
-// be able to do that)
-void* memcpy(void* restrict dest, const void* restrict src, size_t n)
-{
-	uint8_t* restrict pdest = (uint8_t* restrict)dest;
-	const uint8_t* restrict psrc = (const uint8_t* restrict)src;
-
-	for (size_t i=0; i<n; i++)
-	{
-		pdest[i] = psrc[i];
-	}
-
-	return dest;
-}
-
-void* memset(void* s, int c, size_t n)
-{
-	uint8_t* p = (uint8_t*)s;
-
-	for (size_t i=0; i<n; i++)
-	{
-		p[i] = (uint8_t)c;
-	}
-
-	return s;
-}
-
-void* memmove(void *dest, const void* src, size_t n)
-{
-	uint8_t* pdest = (uint8_t*)dest;
-	const uint8_t* psrc = (uint8_t*)src;
-
-	if (src > dest)
-	{
-		for (size_t i=0; i<n; i++)
-		{
-			pdest[i] = psrc[i];
-		}
-	} else if (src < dest) 
-	{
-		for (size_t i=n; i>0; i--)
-		{
-			pdest[i-1] = psrc[i-1];
-		}
-	}
-	return dest;	
-}
-
-int memcmp(const void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n)
-{
-	const uint8_t* p1 = (const uint8_t*)s1;
-	const uint8_t* p2 = (const uint8_t*)s2;
-
-	for (size_t i=0; i<n; i++)
-	{
-		if (p1[i] != p2[i])
-		{
-			return p1[i] < p2[i] ? -1 : 1;
-		}
-	}
-
-	return 0;
-}
-
 // Panic 
 static void hcf()
 {
@@ -111,6 +46,13 @@ void kmain()
 
 	if (term_init()) hcf();
 
+	if (serial_init()) kputs("kernel: serial: error: Cannot init serial communication!");
+	
+	serial_kputs("\n\nkernel: serial: Hello, world from serial!\n");
+
+	gdt_init();
+	serial_kputs("kernel: gdt: Initialized GDT!");
+
 	// Draw something
 	printf("%s, %s!", "Hello", "world");
 

src/mem/gdt.c

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+#include "gdt.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+// Descriptors are 8-byte wide (64bits)
+// So the selectors will be (in bytes): 0x0, 0x8, 0x10, 0x18, etc..
+uint64_t gdt_entries[NUM_GDT_ENTRIES];
+struct GDTR gdtr;
+
+static void gdt_load()
+{
+    asm("lgdt %0" : : "m"(gdtr));
+}
+
+static void gdt_flush()
+{
+    // Here, 0x8 is the kernel code selector
+    // and 0x10 is the kernel data selector
+    asm volatile (
+        "mov $0x10, %%ax \n" // Reload segments with kernel data selector
+        "mov %%ax, %%ds \n"
+        "mov %%ax, %%es \n"
+        "mov %%ax, %%fs \n"
+        "mov %%ax, %%gs \n"
+        "mov %%ax, %%ss \n"
+
+        "pushq $0x8      \n"   // CS reload
+        "lea 1f(%%rip), %%rax \n"
+        "push %%rax     \n"
+        "lretq          \n"
+        "1:             \n" // Execution continues here after CS reload
+        :
+        :
+        : "rax", "memory"
+    );
+}
+
+void gdt_init()
+{
+    // Null descriptor (required)
+    gdt_entries[0] = 0;
+
+    // Kernel code segment
+    uint64_t kernel_code = 0;
+    kernel_code |= 0b1101 << 8; // Selector type: accessed, read-enable, no conforming
+    kernel_code |= 1 << 12; // not a system descriptor
+    kernel_code |= 0 << 13; // DPL field = 0
+    kernel_code |= 1 << 15; // Present
+    kernel_code |= 1 << 21; // Long mode
+
+    // Left shift 32 bits so we place our stuff in the upper 32 bits of the descriptor.
+    // The lower 32 bits contain limit and part of base and therefore are ignored in Long Mode
+    // (because we'll use paging; segmentation is used only for legacy)
+    gdt_entries[1] = kernel_code << 32;
+
+    uint64_t kernel_data = 0;
+    kernel_data |= 0b0011 << 8;
+    kernel_data |= 1 << 12;
+    kernel_data |= 0 << 13;
+    kernel_data |= 1 << 15;
+    kernel_data |= 1 << 21;
+
+    gdt_entries[2] = kernel_data << 32;
+
+    // We re-use the kernel descriptors here, and just update their DPL fields
+    // (Descriptor privilege level) from ring 0 -> to ring 3 (userspace)
+    uint64_t user_code = kernel_code | (3 << 13);
+    gdt_entries[3] = user_code;
+
+    uint64_t user_data = kernel_data | (3 << 13);
+    gdt_entries[4] = user_data;
+
+    // The -1 subtraction is some wizardry explained in the OSDev wiki -> GDT
+    gdtr.limit = NUM_GDT_ENTRIES * sizeof(uint64_t) - 1;
+    gdtr.address = (uint64_t)gdt_entries;
+
+    // Load the GDT we created, flush the old one
+    gdt_load();
+    gdt_flush();
+}

src/mem/gdt.h

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#ifndef GDT_H
+#define GDT_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+// We're using the GDT for segmentation, but as we want to target Long Mode,
+// we'll only use this as a requirement for paging, not more.
+// This means base 0 and no limit (whole address space)
+
+#define NUM_GDT_ENTRIES 5
+
+#define NULL_SELECTOR 0x00
+#define KERNEL_CODE_SEGMENT 0x08
+#define KERNEL_DATA_SEGMENT 0x10
+#define USER_CODE_SEGMENT 0x18
+#define USER_DATA_SEGMENT 0x20
+
+struct GDTR 
+{
+    uint16_t limit;
+    uint64_t address;
+} __attribute__((packed));
+
+void gdt_init();
+
+#endif

src/mem/utils.c

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+// We won't be linked to standard library, but still need the basic mem* functions
+// so everything goes allright with the compiler
+
+// We use the "restrict" keyword on pointers so that the compiler knows it can
+// do more optimization on them (and as it's a much used function, it's good to
+// be able to do that)
+void* memcpy(void* restrict dest, const void* restrict src, size_t n)
+{
+	uint8_t* restrict pdest = (uint8_t* restrict)dest;
+	const uint8_t* restrict psrc = (const uint8_t* restrict)src;
+
+	for (size_t i=0; i<n; i++)
+	{
+		pdest[i] = psrc[i];
+	}
+
+	return dest;
+}
+
+void* memset(void* s, int c, size_t n)
+{
+	uint8_t* p = (uint8_t*)s;
+
+	for (size_t i=0; i<n; i++)
+	{
+		p[i] = (uint8_t)c;
+	}
+
+	return s;
+}
+
+void* memmove(void *dest, const void* src, size_t n)
+{
+	uint8_t* pdest = (uint8_t*)dest;
+	const uint8_t* psrc = (uint8_t*)src;
+
+	if (src > dest)
+	{
+		for (size_t i=0; i<n; i++)
+		{
+			pdest[i] = psrc[i];
+		}
+	} else if (src < dest) 
+	{
+		for (size_t i=n; i>0; i--)
+		{
+			pdest[i-1] = psrc[i-1];
+		}
+	}
+	return dest;	
+}
+
+int memcmp(const void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n)
+{
+	const uint8_t* p1 = (const uint8_t*)s1;
+	const uint8_t* p2 = (const uint8_t*)s2;
+
+	for (size_t i=0; i<n; i++)
+	{
+		if (p1[i] != p2[i])
+		{
+			return p1[i] < p2[i] ? -1 : 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}

src/mem/utils.h

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#ifndef MEM_UTILS_H
+#define MEM_UTILS_H
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+void* memcpy(void* restrict dest, const void* restrict src, size_t n);
+void* memset(void* s, int c, size_t n);
+void* memmove(void *dest, const void* src, size_t n);
+int memcmp(const void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n);
+
+#endif