Update README.md

Small adjustments, pi program

.gitignore

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 *.o
-bochslog.txt
 build/
 kernel.elf
-os.iso
 blankos.iso
-real/
+iso/
 i386-elf-7.5.0-Linux-x86_64/
+i386-elf-7.5.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.xz

README.md

@@ -1,102 +1,50 @@
-![showcase](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/0e3208db-e585-4086-9346-c00414d98646)
+![Screenshot_20240826_160940](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/a4d2af98-7c7e-4a7f-a64c-31b0325d99d7)
+
+> [!WARNING]
+> The project is currently paused, after months of work around the subject. I've had enough for now, and I'll surely come back in some time to implement the more advanced stuff I had planned. For now, enjoy the latest alpha version.
+> This is a hobbyist operating system, and it comes without any warranty whatsoever! See the license for more info. Feedback and contributions are highly appreciated.
 
 # BlankOS
 
-Rewritten monolithic, ring 0, lower-half, single-threaded kernel for the x86 processor architecture, using GRUB (eltorito) as bootloader. Emulation was tested on Bochs and QEMU using Arch Linux 6.9.7-arch1-1, and on real hardware too.
+Rewritten monolithic, ring 0, lower-half, singletasking kernel for the x86 processor architecture, using GRUB 2 as bootloader. Emulation was tested on QEMU using Arch Linux 6.9.7-arch1-1, and on real hardware (UEFI and BIOS).
 The long-term goal of this OS is to be capable of running user programs and having its own complete kernel C library so that users can write their own C programs and expand the system!
 
-## Features
-
-- Serial port driver (output & debug)
-- Framebuffer driver (output)
-- PS/2 Keyboard and PIC driver (input)
-- PIT (system clock/timer) driver
-- Working IDT, GDT, ISRs, and IRQs
-- Kernel panicking (exception handling)
-- A kernel-space shell
-- Cool color output!!
-- Some small working kernel-space programs!!
-
-### Kernel-space programs
-
-- A brainfuck interpreter
-- An arithmetic calculator
-- ROT13 and Morse cipher programs
-- Conway's Game of Life
-- And some more...
-
 ## Usage
 
-Download the latest BlankOS ISO image from the "Releases" tab, and emulate it directly using the QEMU emulator:
+Download the latest BlankOS disk image from the "Releases" tab, and start it using the QEMU emulator:
 
 ```
-qemu-system-i386 blankOS-i386-0.3.45.iso
+qemu-system-i386 blankOS-i386-0.3.55.iso
 ```
 
-Alternatively, burn the image on a USB stick and use it on a machine. (see section "Real Hardware"). *Note that the ISO images provided in the "Releases" tab are already real-hardware capable; no need to do anything except burning the image on a USB stick and running it on your machine.*
+> [!NOTE]
+> Know that the latest release is not always up-to-date with the source code. To get the most up-to-date version, instead build from source as shown below.
 
 ## Building from source
 
-### Dependencies
-
-For Debian-based distros:
-```
-sudo apt install gcc nasm make bochs
-```
-
-Then change `display-library` to `sdl2` in the `bochsrc.txt` file.
-
-For Arch-based distros:
-```
-sudo pacman -S nasm gcc make
-git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/bochs.git
-```
-
-Then follow [these](https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=178479) instructions to compile Bochs with X support. Alternatively you can use Bochs with SDL but you'll have to change the `bochsrc.txt` file accordingly.
-
-### Cross Compiler
-
-A cross-compiler is needed to build the system. More info on why [here](https://wiki.osdev.org/GCC_Cross-Compiler). In order for the build to work, you will need to download the i386-elf toolchain from [here](https://newos.org/toolchains/i386-elf-7.5.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.xz) and extract the root folder into the BlankOS root folder, or build it by youself if you're not lazy like me.
-
-Why didn't I use one sooner? Can't tell. Maybe I was too lazy. This is actually problematic because I wasn't able to use some libraries and I had to put in a bunch of weird compilation flags. It's better like this.
-
-To clone and build, do:
-
 ```
 git clone https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+make toolchain
 make
 make run
 ```
 
-This will start a new Bochs debugger instance. To proceed with the kernel execution, you will have to type `c` in the shell spawning Bochs. Serial output will be saved under the `com1.out` file, this way you can debug the kernel by viewing its log messages. To quit, type `q`.
+The `toolchain` target will download the appropriate cross-compiling tools, and the `run` target will make a disk image for emulation or real hardware testing. *Some operations require root access. Always audit the code yourself before running anything as root!*
-You can try out QEMU too.
 
 ## Running on real hardware
 
-To run the OS on real hardware, you'll first need to have a BIOS-compatible computer. Some of the new laptops with graphical "BIOSes" only support UEFI now. So make sure to get a computer that can boot into BIOS mode, **not UEFI mode**. Then, switch the boot mode to "Legacy" in your BIOS utility.
+The OS is now both UEFI and BIOS compatible! Burn your image file onto a USB stick:
-
-Then, use the Makefile target `real` to build a "real"-capable ISO disk image. The image will have GRUB2 installed on it, using the `grub-mkrescue` utility (make sure to install it before) which is dependent on `xorriso` (install it too).
-
-Once the ISO file is generated, you can write it on a disk using this command:
-
 ```
 sudo dd bs=4M if=blankos.iso of=/dev/sdX status=progress oflag=sync
 ```
 
 Replace `sdX` with your USB drive name (you can find it by doing `sudo fdisk -l`).
 Tada! You now have a working BlankOS USB stick. Go ahead and try it out!
+(*Might not work properly on monitors that aren't Full HD*)
 
-## Post-install
+## Documentation
 
-Two documents are available to help you understand the project better. One is the User's Manual, labelled `USERS.md`, and the other one is the Developer's Manual, labelled `DEVELOPERS.md`. They are full of useful resources around Blank OS. You'll learn how to use the system and how to contribute to it.
+Two other documents are available to help you understand the project better. One is the User's Manual, labelled [USERS.md](docs/USERS.md), and the other one is the Developer's Manual, labelled [DEVELOPERS.md](docs/DEVELOPERS.md). They are full of useful resources: you'll learn how to use the system and how to contribute to it. *(The docs might not always be up-to-date)*
-
-### Next Steps?
-
-Next steps for this project will be:
-
-- User programs
-- Completing the kernel libc
-- Filesystem support
 
 ### Resources
 
@@ -106,7 +54,25 @@ Next steps for this project will be:
 - a great book named *Operating Systems: From 0 to 1*, by Tu, Do Hoang
 - the Intel [64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer Manuals](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/articles/technical/intel-sdm.html)
 - [Bran's Kernel Development Tutorial](http://www.osdever.net/bkerndev/index.php)
+- Ralf Brown's Interrupt List
+- the [little book about OS development](https://littleosbook.github.io/) by Erik Helin and Adam Renberg
 
-### ⚠️ Disclaimer
+### Features / Roadmap
 
-This is a hobbyist operating system kernel and it comes without any warranty whatsoever! It isn't capable of anything really. Feedback and contributions are highly appreciated!
+- [X] Booting with GRUB
+- [X] Common basic structures (IDT, GDT, ISRs, IRQs)
+- [X] Common drivers (framebuffer, keyboard, serial, timer, RTC, ATA PIO)
+- [X] Kernel-space utilities (shell, simple programs)
+- [ ] Filesystem (FAT32 or VFS ramdisk)
+- [ ] Changing the default VGA font
+- [ ] Dynamic memory allocator (get memmap from GRUB?)
+- [ ] Paging/Page Frame Allocation
+- [ ] TCP/IP Network stack
+- [ ] Getting to Ring-3 (userspace)
+- [ ] Multitasking (via round robin scheduling)
+- [ ] Advanced/other drivers (video, SB16, RTC, Ethernet)
+- [X] UEFI support
+- [ ] ELF parsing
+- [ ] System calls
+- [ ] GUI
+- [ ] POSIX and ANSI specification compatibility

bochsrc.txt

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-megs:            32
-display_library: x 
-romimage:        file=/usr/share/bochs/BIOS-bochs-legacy
-vgaromimage:     file=/usr/share/bochs/VGABIOS-lgpl-latest
-ata0-master:     type=cdrom, path=os.iso, status=inserted
-boot:            cdrom
-log:             bochslog.txt
-clock:           sync=realtime, time0=local
-cpu:             count=1, ips=1000000
-com1:            enabled=1, mode=file, dev=com1.out

docs/DEVELOPERS.md

@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 # Blank OS Developer's Manual
 
+## Table of Contents
+
+- Getting Started
+- Writing programs for BlankOS
+- Changing the TTY font
+
 ## Getting Started
 
 ### System description
@@ -14,7 +20,22 @@ The source code is available in folder `src`. You will find subfolders correspon
 
 No system calls are available, as the OS runs in kernel-space.
 
-## Making programs for the OS
+## Debugging the kernel (QEMU w/ GDB)
+
+```
+make debug
+```
+
+In another shell:
+
+```
+gdb kernel.elf
+(gdb) target remote localhost:1234
+```
+
+## Writing programs for BlankOS
+
+Be warned, these are not actual programs in the sense you'd expect. These are indeed functions that are called from the shell, and embedded in the kernel ELF binary. Real programs apart from the kernel are not yet a thing here, but might be one day.
 
 ### Step 1 - Making the program and the entry point
 
@@ -73,4 +94,18 @@ The linking process should be taken care of by the appropriate Linker script `li
 
 If you're proud of what you've made, you can clone the repo, make your changes, open a pull request and maybe your program will be added to the main BlankOS repo, and later distributed in the new ISOs!
 
+## Changing the TTY font
 
+In order to change the default font, first get your hands on a 8x16 `.psf` (PC Screen Font 2) formatted font. Then, put it in `include/fonts` and remove the default one (`UniCyr_8x16.psf`).
+
+Go ahead and run `make` one time. The compilation/linking will fail because of unresolved symbols, but an object file should have been created in `build/fonts` with your custom font's name.
+
+Read the symbols in that object file:
+
+```
+readelf -s -W build/fonts/YOUR_FONT_8x16.o
+```
+
+Get the symbol name that ends with `_start` and replace all occurences of it in the `src/drivers/framebuffer.c` file.
+
+Then, run `make` again and the font should have changed properly.

docs/USERS.md

@@ -2,6 +2,25 @@
 
 ## Getting started
 
+First, let me introduce you some features of this project.
+
+## Features
+
+- Serial port driver (output & debug)
+- Framebuffer driver (output)
+- PS/2 Keyboard and PIC driver (input)
+- PIT (system clock/timer) driver
+- Working IDT, GDT, ISRs, and IRQs
+- Kernel panicking (exception handling)
+- A kernel-space shell
+- Cool color output!!
+- Some small working kernel-space programs, such as...
+- A brainfuck interpreter
+- An arithmetic calculator
+- ROT13 and Morse cipher programs
+- Conway's Game of Life
+- And some more...
+
 ### Installation and emulation/execution
 
 Please refer to the relevant sections in the project `README.md` available in the root folder.
@@ -20,17 +39,25 @@ Shows all of the available commands, which are explained here.
 
 #### `panic`
 
-Triggers a kernel panic by trying to divide four by zero.
+Triggers a kernel panic by reserved exception.
 
 #### `words`
 
-Prints ten random words using an arbitrary dictionary that you can expand in `src/programs/words.c`.
+Prints random words using an arbitrary dictionary that you can expand in `src/programs/words.c`.
+
+Options:
+- `<nothing>` will default amount of words to 10
+- `<integer>` will set the amount of words to that number 
 
 #### `primes`
 
-Computes prime numbers up to `PRIMES_MAX`, defined in `src/programs/primes.c`.
+Computes prime numbers.
 
-#### `rainbow`
+Options:
+- `<nothing>` will default to `PRIMES_MAX` (a million)
+- `<integer>` will compute primes up to that number
+
+#### `rainbow <string>`
 
 Asks for text and then outputs it with different vibrant colors.
 
@@ -50,19 +77,19 @@ A brainfuck interpreter with every instruction and default tape size (30k cells)
 
 Gets system uptime from the timer in ticks. Ticks are incremented at a rate of 18.222Hz (18.222 ticks per second).
 
-#### `echo`
+#### `echo <string>`
 
 The classic echo command, that outputs your input.
 
-#### `sysinfo`
+#### `sysinfo [option]`
 
 Outputs information about the current system (CPU and RAM).
  
 Options:
-- `nothing` will show basic info about the CPUid and lower/upper memory.
+- `<nothing>` will show basic info about the CPUid and lower/upper memory.
 - `-v` will output the CPUID, lower/upper memory, and the memory map.
 
-#### `conway`
+#### `conway [option]`
 
 A classic Game of Life implementation with standard rules and 100 generations.
 
@@ -71,10 +98,18 @@ Options:
 - `-g` will spawn a classic glider
 - `-l` will spawn a lightweight spaceship
 
-#### `rot13`
+#### `rot13 <string>`
 
 Encode a string using the rot13 cipher.
 
-#### `morse`
+#### `morse <string>`
 
 Convert a string to its morse equivalent.
+
+#### `cowsay <string>`
+
+Makes a cow speak!
+
+#### `pi <terms>`
+
+Computes Pi up to a couple of digits using the Leibniz series; takes one integer argument, the number of terms of the series to compute.

grub.cfg

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 menuentry "Blank OS" {
-	multiboot /boot/kernel.elf
+	insmod all_video
+	set gfxpayload=1024x768x32
+	multiboot2 /boot/kernel.elf
 	boot
 }

iso/boot/grub/menu.lst

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-default=0
-timeout=0
-
-title os
-kernel /boot/kernel.elf

link.ld

@@ -1,30 +1,31 @@
 ENTRY(loader)
 
 SECTIONS {
-  /* Address to load at; 1MB */
+  /* Address to load at; 2MB */
 
-  . = 0x00100000;
+  /*. = 2M;*/
 
-  .__mbHeader : {
+  .multiboot_header ALIGN(4K) : {
-	  *(.__mbHeader)
+  	*(.multiboot_header)
   }
-
   /* Align relevant sections at 4KB  */
 
-  .text ALIGN (0x1000) :
+  .text ALIGN (4K) :
   {
     *(.text)
     *(.rodata)
   }
 
-  .data ALIGN (0x1000) :
+  .data ALIGN (4K) :
   {
     *(.data)
   }
 
-  .bss ALIGN (0x1000) :
+  .bss ALIGN (4K) :
   {
     *(COMMON)
     *(.bss)
   }
+
+  end = .; _end = .; __end = .;
 }

makefile

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 CC = i386-elf-7.5.0-Linux-x86_64/bin/i386-elf-gcc
-CFLAGS = -Wall -Wextra -Wno-builtin-declaration-mismatch -c -I src/
+CFLAGS = -ffreestanding -g -Wall -Wextra -Wno-builtin-declaration-mismatch -c -I src/
 LDFLAGS = -T link.ld -melf_i386
 AS = nasm
 ASFLAGS = -f elf
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ KERNEL_DIR = $(SRC_DIR)/kernel
 LIBC_DIR = $(SRC_DIR)/libc
 PROGRAMS_DIR = $(SRC_DIR)/programs
 DRIVERS_DIR = $(SRC_DIR)/drivers
+INCLUDE_DIR = include
+FONTS_DIR = $(INCLUDE_DIR)/fonts
 OBJ_DIR = build
 
 C_SOURCES = $(wildcard $(KERNEL_DIR)/*.c) $(wildcard $(LIBC_DIR)/*.c) $(wildcard $(PROGRAMS_DIR)/*.c) $(wildcard $(DRIVERS_DIR)/*.c)
@@ -16,14 +18,20 @@ ASM_SOURCES = $(wildcard $(KERNEL_DIR)/*.s) $(wildcard $(LIBC_DIR)/*.s) $(wildca
 
 OBJECTS = $(patsubst $(SRC_DIR)/%, $(OBJ_DIR)/%, $(C_SOURCES:.c=.o) $(ASM_SOURCES:.s=.o)) 
 
+TOOLCHAIN_SRC = https://newos.org/toolchains/i386-elf-7.5.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.xz
+TOOLCHAIN_FILE = i386-elf-7.5.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.xz
+
+FONT_OBJ = $(OBJ_DIR)/fonts/UniCyr_8x16.o
+FONT_SRC = $(FONTS_DIR)/UniCyr_8x16.psf
+
 all: $(OBJ_DIR) kernel.elf
 
 $(OBJ_DIR):
 	mkdir -p $(OBJ_DIR)
-	mkdir -p $(OBJ_DIR)/kernel $(OBJ_DIR)/libc $(OBJ_DIR)/programs $(OBJ_DIR)/drivers
+	mkdir -p $(OBJ_DIR)/kernel $(OBJ_DIR)/libc $(OBJ_DIR)/programs $(OBJ_DIR)/drivers $(OBJ_DIR)/fonts
 
-kernel.elf: $(OBJECTS)
+kernel.elf: $(OBJECTS) $(FONT_OBJ)
-	ld $(LDFLAGS) $(OBJECTS) -o kernel.elf
+	ld $(LDFLAGS) $(OBJECTS) $(FONT_OBJ) -o kernel.elf
 
 $(OBJ_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/%.c
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@
@@ -31,28 +39,28 @@ $(OBJ_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/%.c
 $(OBJ_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/%.s
 	$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) $< -o $@
 
-os.iso: kernel.elf
+$(FONT_OBJ): $(FONT_SRC) | $(OBJ_DIR)/fonts
+	objcopy -O elf32-i386 -B i386 -I binary $(FONT_SRC) $(FONT_OBJ)
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/fonts:
+	mkdir -p $(OBJ_DIR)/fonts
+
+toolchain:
+	wget $(TOOLCHAIN_SRC)
+	tar xf $(TOOLCHAIN_FILE)
+
+iso: kernel.elf
+	mkdir -p iso/boot/grub
 	cp kernel.elf iso/boot/kernel.elf
-	genisoimage -R                              \
+	cp grub.cfg iso/boot/grub/grub.cfg
-							-b boot/grub/stage2_eltorito    \
+	grub-mkrescue iso -o blankos.iso	
-							-no-emul-boot                   \
-							-boot-load-size 4               \
-							-A os                           \
-							-input-charset utf8             \
-							-quiet                          \
-							-boot-info-table                \
-							-o os.iso                       \
-							iso
 
-real: kernel.elf
+run: iso
-	mkdir -p real/boot/grub
+	qemu-system-i386 -drive file=blankos.iso,format=raw
-	cp kernel.elf real/boot/kernel.elf
-	cp grub.cfg real/boot/grub/grub.cfg
-	grub-mkrescue real -o blankos.iso
 
-run: os.iso
+debug:
-	bochs -f bochsrc.txt -q 
+	qemu-system-i386 -s -S -drive file=blankos.iso,format=raw
 
 clean:
-	rm -rf $(OBJ_DIR) kernel.elf os.iso blankos.iso real
+	rm -rf $(OBJ_DIR) kernel.elf blankos.iso $(TOOLCHAIN_FILE)
 

src/drivers/ata.c

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// ATA PIO driver implementation
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include "../kernel/io.h"
+#include "../libc/stdio.h"
+#include "ata.h"
+
+static inline uint16_t inw(uint16_t port) {
+    uint16_t result;
+    asm volatile("inw %1, %0" : "=a"(result) : "dN"(port));
+    return result;
+}
+
+static inline void outw(uint16_t port, uint16_t data) {
+    asm volatile("outw %1, %0" : : "dN"(port), "a"(data));
+}
+
+void ata_wait_bsy() {
+    while (inb(ATA_PRIMARY_IO + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_BSY);
+}
+
+void ata_wait_drq() {
+    while (!(inb(ATA_PRIMARY_IO + ATA_REG_STATUS) & ATA_SR_DRQ));
+}
+
+void ata_select_drive(uint8_t drive) {
+    outb(ATA_PRIMARY_IO + ATA_REG_HDDEVSEL, 0xE0 | (drive << 4));
+}
+
+void ata_read_sector(uint32_t lba, uint8_t* buffer) {
+    ata_wait_bsy();
+    ata_select_drive(0);
+
+    outb(ATA_PRIMARY_IO + ATA_REG_SECCOUNT0, 1);
+    outb(ATA_PRIMARY_IO + ATA_REG_LBA0, (uint8_t)lba);
+    outb(ATA_PRIMARY_IO + ATA_REG_LBA1, (uint8_t)(lba >> 8));
+    outb(ATA_PRIMARY_IO + ATA_REG_LBA2, (uint8_t)(lba >> 16));
+    outb(ATA_PRIMARY_IO + ATA_REG_HDDEVSEL, 0xE0 | ((lba >> 24) & 0x0F));
+
+    outb(ATA_PRIMARY_IO + ATA_REG_COMMAND, ATA_CMD_READ_PIO);
+
+    ata_wait_bsy();
+    ata_wait_drq();
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+        ((uint16_t*)buffer)[i] = inw(ATA_PRIMARY_IO + ATA_REG_DATA);
+    }
+}
+
+// Works only w/o paging
+void test_read_sector() {
+    uint8_t buffer[512];
+    ata_read_sector(0, buffer);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 512; i++) {
+        if (i%25==0) puts("\n");
+	printf("%02x ", buffer[i]);
+    }
+}

src/drivers/ata.h

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// ATA PIO driver implementation header
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+#ifndef ATA_H
+#define ATA_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#define ATA_PRIMARY_IO 		0x1F0
+#define ATA_PRIMARY_CTRL 	0x3F6
+#define ATA_CMD_READ_PIO	0x20
+#define ATA_CMD_WRITE_PIO 	0x30
+#define ATA_IDENTIFY 		0xEC
+
+#define ATA_REG_DATA 		0x00
+#define ATA_REG_ERROR 		0x01
+#define ATA_REG_SECCOUNT0 	0x02
+#define ATA_REG_LBA0 		0x03
+#define ATA_REG_LBA1 		0x04
+#define ATA_REG_LBA2 		0x05
+#define ATA_REG_HDDEVSEL 	0x06
+#define ATA_REG_COMMAND 	0x07
+#define ATA_REG_STATUS 		0x07
+
+#define ATA_SR_BSY 		    0x80
+#define ATA_SR_DRDY 		0x40
+#define ATA_SR_DRQ 		    0x08
+#define ATA_SR_ERR 		    0x01
+
+void ata_read_sector(uint32_t lba, uint8_t* buffer);
+void test_read_sector();
+
+#endif

src/drivers/framebuffer.c

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// Framebuffer driver
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include "framebuffer.h"
+#include "serial.h"
+#include "../kernel/system.h"
+
+extern char* framebuffer;
+
+void putpixel(uint32_t* fb, int pitch, int bpp, int x, int y, uint32_t color)
+{
+	if (bpp == 32) {
+		uint32_t* pixel_addr = (uint32_t*)((uint8_t*)fb + y * pitch + x *(bpp / 8));
+		*pixel_addr = color;
+	}
+}
+
+void draw_char(unsigned short int c, int cx, int cy, uint32_t fg, uint32_t bg)
+{
+	PSF_font *font = (PSF_font*)&_binary_include_fonts_UniCyr_8x16_psf_start;
+	int bytesperline=(font->width+7)/8;
+	if (unicode != NULL) {
+		c = unicode[c];
+	}
+
+	unsigned char* glyph = (unsigned char*)&_binary_include_fonts_UniCyr_8x16_psf_start + font->headersize + (c>0&&c<font->numglyph?c:0)*font->bytesperglyph;
+
+	int offs =
+		(cy * font->height * scanline) +
+		(cx * (font->width) * sizeof(PIXEL));
+
+	unsigned int x, y;
+	int line, mask;
+
+	for (y=0; y<font->height; y++)
+	{
+		line=offs;
+		mask=1<<(font->width-1);
+
+		for (x=0; x<font->width; x++)
+		{
+			*((PIXEL*)(framebuffer + line)) = *((unsigned int*)glyph) & mask ? fg : bg;
+			mask >>= 1;
+			line += sizeof(PIXEL);
+		}
+
+		glyph += bytesperline;
+		offs += scanline;
+	}
+}
+
+void scroll()
+{
+	serial_printf(3, "Scrolling...\r");
+	uint32_t bg_color = 0x00000000;
+	PSF_font *font = (PSF_font*)&_binary_include_fonts_UniCyr_8x16_psf_start;
+	
+	int line_size = font->height * scanline;
+	int framebuffer_size = scanline * font->height * (1080/font->height);
+
+	// Erasing first line
+	for (uint32_t y=0; y<font->height; y++)
+	{
+		for (uint32_t x=0; x<scanline/sizeof(PIXEL); x++)
+		{
+			*((PIXEL*)(framebuffer + y * scanline + x * sizeof(PIXEL))) = bg_color;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Moving all lines up by 1 line
+	for (int y=1; y<(framebuffer_size/line_size); y++)
+	{
+		void* src = framebuffer + y*line_size;
+		void* dst = framebuffer + (y-1)*line_size;
+		memmove(dst, src, line_size);
+	}
+
+	// Erasing last line
+	int last_line_start = (framebuffer_size/line_size-1) * line_size;
+	for (uint32_t y=0; y<font->height; y++)
+	{
+		for (uint32_t x=0; x<scanline/sizeof(PIXEL); x++)
+		{
+			*((PIXEL*)(framebuffer + last_line_start + y * scanline + x * sizeof(PIXEL))) = bg_color;
+		}
+	}
+}
+

src/drivers/framebuffer.h

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Framebuffer driver header
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+#ifndef FRAMEBUFFER_H
+#define FRAMEBUFFER_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+extern int scanline;
+extern char _binary_include_fonts_UniCyr_8x16_psf_start;
+uint16_t* unicode;
+
+#define PIXEL uint32_t
+
+#define PSF1_FONT_MAGIC 0x0436
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint16_t magic; // Magic bytes for identification.
+    uint8_t fontMode; // PSF font mode.
+    uint8_t characterSize; // PSF character size.
+} PSF1_Header;
+
+#define PSF_FONT_MAGIC 0x864ab572
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t magic;         /* magic bytes to identify PSF */
+    uint32_t version;       /* zero */
+    uint32_t headersize;    /* offset of bitmaps in file, 32 */
+    uint32_t flags;         /* 0 if there's no unicode table */
+    uint32_t numglyph;      /* number of glyphs */
+    uint32_t bytesperglyph; /* size of each glyph */
+    uint32_t height;        /* height in pixels */
+    uint32_t width;         /* width in pixels */
+} PSF_font;
+
+void putpixel(uint32_t* fb, int pitch, int bpp, int x, int y, uint32_t color); 
+void draw_char(unsigned short int c, int cx, int cy, uint32_t fg, uint32_t bg);
+void scroll();
+
+#endif

src/drivers/kb.c

@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
+// Keyboard driver
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #include "../kernel/io.h"
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
 #include "../kernel/system.h"
-
+#include "kb.h"
-#define KEYBOARD_BUFFER_SIZE 256
-
-#define LEFT_SHIFT_PRESSED 0x2A
-#define RIGHT_SHIFT_PRESSED 0x36
-#define LEFT_SHIFT_RELEASED 0xAA
-#define RIGHT_SHIFT_RELEASED 0xB6
 
 unsigned char kbdus[128] =
 {
@@ -130,6 +129,7 @@ void keyboard_handler()
 void keyboard_install()
 {
 	irq_install_handler(1, keyboard_handler);
+	printf("[keyboard] installed irq handler\n");
 }
 
 char keyboard_getchar()

src/drivers/kb.h

@@ -1,6 +1,18 @@
+// Keyboard driver header
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #ifndef KB_H
 #define KB_H
 
+#define KEYBOARD_BUFFER_SIZE    256
+
+#define LEFT_SHIFT_PRESSED      0x2A
+#define RIGHT_SHIFT_PRESSED     0x36
+#define LEFT_SHIFT_RELEASED     0xAA
+#define RIGHT_SHIFT_RELEASED    0xB6
+
 char keyboard_getchar();
 
 #endif

src/drivers/rtc.c

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// Real-time clock driver implementation for better PRNG
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include "rtc.h"
+#include "../kernel/io.h"
+#include "../libc/stdio.h"
+
+uint8_t rtc_read_register(uint8_t reg)
+{
+	outb(0x70, reg);
+	return inb(0x71);
+}
+
+uint8_t bcd_to_bin(uint8_t bcd)
+{
+	return ((bcd/16)*10) + (bcd%16);
+}
+
+int rtc_is_updating()
+{
+	outb(0x70, 0x0A);
+	return (inb(0x71) & 0x80);
+}
+
+void rtc_read_time(rtc_time_t *time)
+{
+	while (rtc_is_updating());
+
+	time->seconds = rtc_read_register(0x00);
+	time->minutes = rtc_read_register(0x02);
+	time->hours = rtc_read_register(0x04);
+	time->day = rtc_read_register(0x06);
+	time->month = rtc_read_register(0x07);
+	time->year = rtc_read_register(0x08);
+
+	outb(0x70, 0x0B);
+	uint8_t registerB = inb(0x71);
+
+	if (!(registerB & 0x04))
+	{
+		time->seconds = bcd_to_bin(time->seconds);
+		time->minutes = bcd_to_bin(time->minutes);
+		time->hours = bcd_to_bin(time->hours);
+		time->day = bcd_to_bin(time->day);
+		time->month = bcd_to_bin(time->month);
+		time->year = bcd_to_bin(time->year);
+	}
+}
+
+void print_time(const rtc_time_t *time)
+{
+	printf("%02d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d\n", time->day, time->month, time->year, time->hours, time->minutes, time->seconds);
+}
+
+long time_seed()
+{
+	rtc_time_t* time = {0};
+	rtc_read_time(time);
+	
+	return time->day + time->month + time->year + time->hours + time->minutes + time->seconds;	
+}

src/drivers/rtc.h

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// Real-time clock driver implementation header for better PRNG
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+#ifndef RTC_H
+#define RTC_H
+
+typedef struct
+{
+	uint8_t seconds;
+	uint8_t minutes;
+	uint8_t hours;
+	uint8_t day;
+	uint8_t month;
+	uint8_t year;
+} rtc_time_t;
+
+void rtc_read_time(rtc_time_t *time);
+long time_seed();
+void print_time(const rtc_time_t *time);
+
+#endif

src/drivers/serial.c

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+// Serial I/O driver
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #include "../kernel/io.h"
 #include "serial.h"
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
@@ -20,6 +25,7 @@ int init_serial()
   }
 
   outb(PORT+4, 0x0F);
+  puts("[serial] initialized i/o on port COM1\n");
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -276,6 +282,5 @@ void serial_printf(int errlevel, const char* fmt, ...)
     }
     fmt++;
   }
-  serial_puts("\n");
+  serial_puts("\r\n");
 }
-

src/drivers/serial.h

@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
-#ifndef INCLUDE_SERIAL_H
+// Serial I/O driver header
-#define INCLUDE_SERIAL_H
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+#ifndef SERIAL_H
+#define SERIAL_H
 
 #define PORT 0x3f8 //COM1
 
@@ -9,4 +14,5 @@ void write_serial(const char a);
 void serial_puts(const char* str);
 void log(const char* str, const int errlevel);
 void serial_printf(int errlevel, const char* fmt, ...);
+
 #endif

src/drivers/timer.c

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+// Programmable Interval Timer channel 0 driver
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #include "../kernel/system.h"
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
 
@@ -6,11 +11,18 @@ volatile unsigned long global_ticks = 0;
 void timer_handler()
 {
 	global_ticks++;
+	if (global_ticks % 20 == 0)
+	{
+		draw_cursor(white);
+	} else if (global_ticks % 20 == 10) {
+		erase_cursor();
+	}
 }
 
 void timer_install()
 {
 	irq_install_handler(0, timer_handler);
+	printf("[timer] initialized, starting g_ticks...\n");
 }
 
 void delay(int ticks)

src/kernel/gdt.c

@@ -1,20 +1,10 @@
+// Global descriptor table setup
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #include "gdt.h"
-
+#include "../libc/stdio.h"
-struct gdt_entry
-{
-	unsigned short limit_low;
-	unsigned short base_low;
-	unsigned char base_middle;
-	unsigned char access;
-	unsigned char granularity;
-	unsigned char base_high;
-} __attribute__((packed));
-
-struct gdt_ptr
-{
-	unsigned short limit;
-	unsigned int base;
-} __attribute__((packed));
 
 struct gdt_entry gdt[3];
 struct gdt_ptr gp;
@@ -41,8 +31,14 @@ void gdt_install()
 
 	gdt_set_gate(0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
 	
+	// Ring 0 code + data
 	gdt_set_gate(1, 0, 0xFFFFFFFF, 0x9A, 0xCF);
 	gdt_set_gate(2, 0, 0xFFFFFFFF, 0x92, 0xCF);
 
+	// Ring 3
+	gdt_set_gate(3, 0, 0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFA, 0xCF);
+	gdt_set_gate(4, 0, 0xFFFFFFFF, 0xF2, 0xCF);
+
 	gdt_flush();
+	printf("[kernel] GDT gates set (ring 0 and 3), gdt=0x%x\n", &gdt);
 }

src/kernel/gdt.h

@@ -1,8 +1,28 @@
+// Global descriptor table setup header
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #ifndef GDT_H
 #define GDT_H
 
-void gdt_set_gate(int num, unsigned long base, unsigned long limit, unsigned char access, unsigned char gran);
+struct gdt_entry
+{
+	unsigned short limit_low;
+	unsigned short base_low;
+	unsigned char base_middle;
+	unsigned char access;
+	unsigned char granularity;
+	unsigned char base_high;
+} __attribute__((packed));
 
+struct gdt_ptr
+{
+	unsigned short limit;
+	unsigned int base;
+} __attribute__((packed));
+
+void gdt_set_gate(int num, unsigned long base, unsigned long limit, unsigned char access, unsigned char gran);
 void gdt_install();
 
 #endif

src/kernel/idt.c

@@ -1,20 +1,11 @@
+// Interrupt descriptor table setup
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #include "idt.h"
 #include "system.h"
-
+#include "../libc/stdio.h"
-struct idt_entry
-{
-	unsigned short base_lo;
-	unsigned short sel;
-	unsigned char always0;
-	unsigned char flags;
-	unsigned short base_hi;
-} __attribute__((packed));
-
-struct idt_ptr
-{
-	unsigned short limit;
-	unsigned int base;
-} __attribute__((packed));
 
 struct idt_entry idt[256];
 struct idt_ptr idtp;
@@ -39,4 +30,5 @@ void idt_install()
 	memset(&idt, 0, sizeof(struct idt_entry)*256);
 
 	idt_load();
+	printf("[kernel] loaded IDT at idt=0x%x\n", &idt);
 }

src/kernel/idt.h

@@ -1,8 +1,27 @@
+// Interrupt descriptor table setup header
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #ifndef IDT_H
 #define IDT_H
 
-void idt_set_gate(unsigned char num, unsigned long base, unsigned short sel, unsigned char flags);
+struct idt_entry
+{
+	unsigned short base_lo;
+	unsigned short sel;
+	unsigned char always0;
+	unsigned char flags;
+	unsigned short base_hi;
+} __attribute__((packed));
 
+struct idt_ptr
+{
+	unsigned short limit;
+	unsigned int base;
+} __attribute__((packed));
+
+void idt_set_gate(unsigned char num, unsigned long base, unsigned short sel, unsigned char flags);
 void idt_install();
 
 #endif

src/kernel/io.h

@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
-#ifndef INCLUDE_IO_H
+// Raw CPU port I/O kernel module header 
-#define INCLUDE_IO_H
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
 
-#include "../libc/stdint.h"
+#ifndef IO_H
+#define IO_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 void outb(unsigned short port, unsigned char data);
 unsigned char inb(unsigned short port);

src/kernel/io.s

@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
+; Raw CPU port I/O kernel module
+; Author: xamidev
+; Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+; https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 global outb
 
 outb:
-  mov al, [esp + 8]
+    mov al, [esp + 8]
-  mov dx, [esp + 4]
+    mov dx, [esp + 4]
-  out dx, al
+    out dx, al
-  ret
+    ret
 
 global inb
 
 inb:
-  mov dx, [esp + 4]
+    mov dx, [esp + 4]
-  in al, dx
+    in al, dx
-  ret
+    ret
 
 global x86_div64_32
 

src/kernel/irq.c

@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
+// Interrupt Requests setup
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #include "system.h"
 #include "io.h"
 #include "idt.h"
+#include "../libc/stdio.h"
 
 extern void irq0();
 extern void irq1();
@@ -69,6 +75,7 @@ void irq_install()
 	idt_set_gate(45, (unsigned)irq13, 0x08, 0x8E);
 	idt_set_gate(46, (unsigned)irq14, 0x08, 0x8E);
 	idt_set_gate(47, (unsigned)irq15, 0x08, 0x8E);
+	printf("[kernel] installed irq 0-15\n");
 }
 
 void irq_handler(struct regs *r)

src/kernel/isr.c

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+// Interrupt service routines setup 
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #include "system.h"
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
 #include "idt.h"
@@ -37,7 +42,6 @@ extern void isr31();
 
 void isr_install()
 {
-
 	idt_set_gate(0, (unsigned)isr0, 0x08, 0x8E);
 	idt_set_gate(1, (unsigned)isr1, 0x08, 0x8E);
 	idt_set_gate(2, (unsigned)isr2, 0x08, 0x8E);
@@ -70,6 +74,7 @@ void isr_install()
 	idt_set_gate(29, (unsigned)isr29, 0x08, 0x8E);
 	idt_set_gate(30, (unsigned)isr30, 0x08, 0x8E);
 	idt_set_gate(31, (unsigned)isr31, 0x08, 0x8E);
+	printf("[kernel] set ISRs 0-31\n");
 }
 
 char *exception_messages[] =
@@ -115,4 +120,3 @@ void fault_handler(struct regs *r)
 		for (;;);
 	}
 }
-

src/kernel/kheap.c

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// Kernel heap management
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+#include "kheap.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+extern uint32_t end;
+uint32_t placement_address = (uint32_t)&end;
+
+uint32_t kmalloc_int(uint32_t sz, int align, uint32_t *phys)
+{
+	if (align == 1 && (placement_address & 0x00000FFF))
+	{
+		placement_address &= 0xFFFFF000;
+		placement_address += 0x1000;
+	}
+	if (phys)
+	{
+		*phys = placement_address;
+	}
+	uint32_t tmp = placement_address;
+	placement_address += sz;
+	return tmp;
+}
+
+uint32_t kmalloc_a(uint32_t sz)
+{
+	return kmalloc_int(sz, 1, 0);
+}
+
+uint32_t kmalloc_p(uint32_t sz, uint32_t *phys)
+{
+	return kmalloc_int(sz, 0, phys);
+}
+
+uint32_t kmalloc_ap(uint32_t sz, uint32_t *phys)
+{
+	return kmalloc_int(sz, 1, phys);
+}
+
+uint32_t kmalloc(uint32_t sz)
+{
+	return kmalloc_int(sz, 0, 0);
+}

src/kernel/kheap.h

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// Kernel heap management header
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+#ifndef KHEAP_H
+#define KHEAP_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+uint32_t kmalloc_a(uint32_t sz);
+uint32_t kmalloc_p(uint32_t sz, uint32_t *phys);
+uint32_t kmalloc_ap(uint32_t sz, uint32_t *phys);
+uint32_t kmalloc(uint32_t sz);
+
+#endif

src/kernel/kmain.c

@@ -1,45 +1,70 @@
+// Kernel entry point
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
 #include "../drivers/serial.h"
 #include "gdt.h"
 #include "idt.h"
 #include "system.h"
-//#include <stdarg.h>
+#include "../drivers/ata.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include "../drivers/framebuffer.h"
+#include "kmain.h"
 
-char* ascii_title =
+void kmain(multiboot2_info *mb_info)
-"\n"
-"   oooooooooo o888                         oooo          ooooooo    oooooooo8\n"
-"   888    888 888   ooooooo   oo oooooo    888  ooooo o888   888o 888        \n"
-"   888oooo88  888   ooooo888   888   888   888o888    888     888  888oooooo \n"
-"   888    888 888 888    888   888   888   8888 88o   888o   o888         888\n"
-"   o888ooo888 o888o 88ooo88 8o o888o o888o o888o o888o   88ooo88   o88oooo888\n\n"
-"   --------------------------------- v0.3.55 --------------------------------\n\n";
-
-unsigned int g_multiboot_info_address;
-
-void kmain(unsigned int multiboot_info_address)
 {
-  g_multiboot_info_address = multiboot_info_address;
+	multiboot2_tag_framebuffer *fb_info = NULL;
 
-  init_serial();
+    uint8_t *tags = mb_info->tags;
-  log("serial connection established\n", 3);
+    while (1) {
-  gdt_install();
+        uint32_t tag_type = *((uint32_t*) tags);
-  log("initialized GDT entries\n", 2);
+        uint32_t tag_size = *((uint32_t*) (tags + 4));
-  idt_install();
-  log("initialized IDT\n", 2);
-  isr_install();
-  log("initialized ISRs\n", 2);
-  irq_install();
-  __asm__ __volatile__("sti");
-  log("initialized IRQs\n", 2),
 
-  clear();
+        if (tag_type == 0) break;
-  colorputs(ascii_title, 10);
+        if (tag_type == 8) {
-  colorputs("   by @xamidev - star the repo for a cookie!\n\n", 14);
+            fb_info = (multiboot2_tag_framebuffer*) tags;
+        }
 
-  timer_install();
+        tags += ((tag_size + 7) & ~7);
-  serial_printf(2, "%d\tinitialized timer handler", global_ticks); 
+    }
-  keyboard_install(); 
+
-  serial_printf(2, "%d\tinitialized keyboard handler", global_ticks); 
+    serial_printf(3, "Framebuffer Address: 0x%x", fb_info->framebuffer_addr);
-  shell_install();
+	serial_printf(3, "Framebuffer Width: %u", fb_info->framebuffer_width);
-  serial_printf(2, "%d\tstarted system shell", global_ticks); 
+	serial_printf(3, "Framebuffer Height: %u", fb_info->framebuffer_height);
+	serial_printf(3, "Framebuffer Pitch: %u", fb_info->framebuffer_pitch);
+	serial_printf(3, "Framebuffer BPP: %u", fb_info->framebuffer_bpp);
+
+    if (fb_info) {
+        framebuffer = (uint32_t *)(uintptr_t) fb_info->framebuffer_addr;
+
+        uint32_t width = fb_info->framebuffer_width;
+        uint32_t height = fb_info->framebuffer_height;
+        uint32_t bpp = fb_info->framebuffer_bpp;
+
+        //8x16 font, not padded 
+        VGA_WIDTH = width/8;
+        VGA_HEIGHT = height/16;
+        serial_printf(3, "VGA_WIDTH=%d, VGA_HEIGHT=%d", VGA_WIDTH, VGA_HEIGHT);
+        scanline = width * (bpp/8);	
+    }
+
+    printf("[kernel] multiboot2 info at 0x%x, size=%u\n", mb_info, mb_info->total_size);
+    printf("[kernel] framebuffer discovered at 0x%x\n", fb_info->framebuffer_addr);
+    printf("[kernel] fb0: width=%u, height=%u, pitch=%u, bpp=%u\n", fb_info->framebuffer_width, fb_info->framebuffer_height, fb_info->framebuffer_pitch, fb_info->framebuffer_bpp);
+
+    init_serial();
+    gdt_install();
+    idt_install();
+    isr_install();
+    irq_install();
+    __asm__ __volatile__("sti");
+ 
+    //test_read_sector();
+
+    timer_install();
+    keyboard_install();
+    printf("[kernel] spawning shell...\n"); 
+    shell_install();
 }

src/kernel/kmain.h

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Kernel entry point header
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+#ifndef KMAIN_H
+#define KMAIN_H
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t type;
+    uint32_t size;
+    uint64_t framebuffer_addr;
+    uint32_t framebuffer_pitch;
+    uint32_t framebuffer_width;
+    uint32_t framebuffer_height;
+    uint8_t framebuffer_bpp;
+    uint8_t framebuffer_type;
+    uint16_t reserved;
+} multiboot2_tag_framebuffer;
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t total_size;
+    uint32_t reserved;
+    uint8_t tags[0];
+} multiboot2_info;
+
+unsigned int g_multiboot_info_address;
+
+uint32_t* framebuffer;
+int scanline;
+
+// in characters, not pixels
+uint32_t VGA_WIDTH;
+uint32_t VGA_HEIGHT;
+
+#endif

src/kernel/loader.s

@@ -1,30 +1,62 @@
+; Kernel loader assembly stub and multiboot2 header
+; Author: xamidev
+; Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+; https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 global loader
 
-section .__mbHeader
+section .multiboot_header
 
-align 0x4
+mb_start:
-section .text:
+align 8
 
-MAGIC_NUMBER      equ 0x1BADB002   ; multiboot magic 
+; ASM macros
-FLAGS             equ 0x0 
-CHECKSUM          equ -MAGIC_NUMBER
-KERNEL_STACK_SIZE equ 4096
 
-  dd MAGIC_NUMBER
+MAGIC_NUMBER      equ 0xe85250d6  	; multiboot2 magic 
+FLAGS             equ 0x0	  		; 32-bit protected mode for i386
+HEADER_LEN	  equ mb_end-mb_start
+CHECKSUM          equ -(MAGIC_NUMBER + FLAGS + HEADER_LEN)
+
+; Multiboot 2 header, according to specification (16bytes)
+
+  dd MAGIC_NUMBER		; dd = 4 bytes = 32bits = u32
   dd FLAGS			
+  dd HEADER_LEN
   dd CHECKSUM
 
+; Tags? (28bytes)
+
+; Tag 1 : set graphics mode (only recommended, can be overriden by GRUB)
+  align 8
+  dw 5			; 2
+  dw 0			; 2
+  dd 20			; 4
+  dd 1920		; 4
+  dd 1080		; 4
+  dd 32			; 4
+
+; End of tags
+
+  align 8
+  dw 0			; 2
+  dw 0			; 2
+  dd 8			; 4
+
+; End of Multiboot 2 header
+mb_end:
+
+section .text:
+
+KERNEL_STACK_SIZE equ 4096
 extern kmain
 
 loader:
-  cli
+  	cli
-  ; mov eax, 0xCAFEBABE
+  	push ebx
-  ; push dword 42
+  	call kmain
-  push ebx
-  call kmain
 
 .loop:
-  jmp .loop
+  	jmp .loop
 
 global gdt_flush
 extern gp
@@ -49,225 +81,55 @@ idt_load:
 	lidt [idtp]
 	ret
 
-global isr0
+%macro ISR_NOERRCODE 1
-global isr1
+	global isr%1
-global isr2
+	isr%1:
-global isr3
+		cli
-global isr4
+		push byte 0
-global isr5
+		push byte %1
-global isr6
+		jmp isr_common_stub
-global isr7
+%endmacro
-global isr8
-global isr9
-global isr10
-global isr11
-global isr12
-global isr13
-global isr14
-global isr15
-global isr16
-global isr17
-global isr18
-global isr19
-global isr20
-global isr21
-global isr22
-global isr23
-global isr24
-global isr25
-global isr26
-global isr27
-global isr28
-global isr29
-global isr30
-global isr31
 
-; Interrupt service routine exceptions
+%macro ISR_ERRCODE 1
-isr0:
+	global isr%1
-	cli
+	isr%1:
-	push byte 0
+		cli
-	push byte 0
+		push byte %1
-	jmp isr_common_stub
+		jmp isr_common_stub
+%endmacro
 
-isr1:
+ISR_NOERRCODE 0
-	cli
+ISR_NOERRCODE 1
-	push byte 0
+ISR_NOERRCODE 2
-	push byte 1
+ISR_NOERRCODE 3
-	jmp isr_common_stub
+ISR_NOERRCODE 4
-
+ISR_NOERRCODE 5
-isr2:
+ISR_NOERRCODE 6
-	cli
+ISR_NOERRCODE 7
-	push byte 0
+ISR_ERRCODE 8
-	push byte 2
+ISR_NOERRCODE 9
-	jmp isr_common_stub
+ISR_ERRCODE 10
-
+ISR_ERRCODE 11
-isr3:
+ISR_ERRCODE 12
-	cli
+ISR_ERRCODE 13
-	push byte 0
+ISR_ERRCODE 14
-	push byte 3
+ISR_NOERRCODE 15
-	jmp isr_common_stub
+ISR_NOERRCODE 16
-
+ISR_NOERRCODE 17
-isr4:
+ISR_NOERRCODE 18
-	cli
+ISR_NOERRCODE 19
-	push byte 0
+ISR_NOERRCODE 20
-	push byte 4
+ISR_NOERRCODE 21
-	jmp isr_common_stub
+ISR_NOERRCODE 22
-
+ISR_NOERRCODE 23
-isr5:
+ISR_NOERRCODE 24
-	cli
+ISR_NOERRCODE 25
-	push byte 0
+ISR_NOERRCODE 26
-	push byte 5
+ISR_NOERRCODE 27
-	jmp isr_common_stub
+ISR_NOERRCODE 28
-
+ISR_NOERRCODE 29
-isr6:
+ISR_NOERRCODE 30
-	cli
+ISR_NOERRCODE 31
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 6
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr7:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 7
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr8:
-	cli
-	push byte 8
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr9:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 9
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr10:
-	cli
-	push byte 10
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr11:
-	cli
-	push byte 11
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr12:
-	cli
-	push byte 12
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr13:
-	cli
-	push byte 13
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr14:
-	cli
-	push byte 14
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr15:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 15
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr16:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 16
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr17:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 17
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr18:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 18
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr19:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 19
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr20:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 20
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr21:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 21
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr22:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 22
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr23:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 23
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr24:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 24
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr25:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 25
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr26:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 26
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr27:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 27
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr28:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 28
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr29:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 29
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr30:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 30
-	jmp isr_common_stub
-
-isr31:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 31
-	jmp isr_common_stub
 
 extern fault_handler
 
@@ -295,118 +157,31 @@ isr_common_stub:
 	add esp, 8
 	iret
 
-global irq0
+%macro IRQ 2
-global irq1
+	global irq%1
-global irq2
+	irq%1:
-global irq3
+		cli
-global irq4
+		push byte 0
-global irq5
+		push byte %2
-global irq6
+		jmp irq_common_stub
-global irq7
+%endmacro
-global irq8
-global irq9
-global irq10
-global irq11
-global irq12
-global irq13
-global irq14
-global irq15
 
-irq0:
+IRQ	0,	32
-	cli
+IRQ	1,	33
-	push byte 0
+IRQ	2,	34
-	push byte 32
+IRQ	3,	35
-	jmp irq_common_stub
+IRQ	4,	36
-
+IRQ	5,	37
-irq1:
+IRQ	6,	38
-	cli
+IRQ	7,	39
-	push byte 0
+IRQ	8,	40
-	push byte 33
+IRQ	9,	41
-	jmp irq_common_stub
+IRQ	10,	42
-
+IRQ	11,	43
-irq2:
+IRQ	12,	44
-	cli
+IRQ	13,	45
-	push byte 0
+IRQ	14,	46
-	push byte 34
+IRQ	15,	47
-	jmp irq_common_stub
-
-irq3:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 35
-	jmp irq_common_stub
-
-irq4:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 36
-	jmp irq_common_stub
-
-irq5:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 37
-	jmp irq_common_stub
-
-irq6:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 38
-	jmp irq_common_stub
-
-irq7:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 39
-	jmp irq_common_stub
-
-irq8:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 40
-	jmp irq_common_stub
-
-irq9:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 41
-	jmp irq_common_stub
-
-irq10:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 42
-	jmp irq_common_stub
-
-irq11:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 43
-	jmp irq_common_stub
-
-irq12:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 44
-	jmp irq_common_stub
-
-irq13:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 45
-	jmp irq_common_stub
-
-irq14:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 46
-	jmp irq_common_stub
-
-irq15:
-	cli
-	push byte 0
-	push byte 47
-	jmp irq_common_stub
 
 extern irq_handler
 
@@ -437,5 +212,5 @@ irq_common_stub:
 section .bss
 align 4 
 kernel_stack:
-  resb KERNEL_STACK_SIZE
+  	resb KERNEL_STACK_SIZE
-  mov esp, kernel_stack + KERNEL_STACK_SIZE
+  	mov esp, kernel_stack + KERNEL_STACK_SIZE

src/kernel/shell.c

@@ -1,12 +1,69 @@
+// Basic shell and commands kernel module
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #include "system.h"
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
 #include "../libc/string.h"
 #include "../programs/programs.h"
-#include "../libc/stdint.h"
+#include "../libc/crypto.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include "../drivers/rtc.h"
 
 #define BUFFER_SIZE 256
-#define MAX_COMMANDS 16
+#define MAX_COMMANDS 64
-#define MAX_ARGS 64
+#define MAX_ARGS     64
+
+// Splash screen: esthetic stuff.
+char* motd[] =
+{
+	"I should be root, really.",
+	"Not watching you!",
+	"Now in 2D!",
+	"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious!",
+	"Tylko jedno w glowie mam!",
+	"Greetings, magic poppy!",
+	"I'm stuck in this kernel's shell, get me out!",
+	"And now, solve that equation!",
+	"Powered by TCC Incorporated.",
+	"Compiled at 69, CoquaineBaule Ave.",
+	"Shouldn't we be, uh, doing something?",
+	"We are the florists, we pick the plants!",
+	"Lalalalala, I pick the plants!",
+	"Woah, we're half-way there...",
+	"The CROU will never die!",
+	"Technoblade never dies!",
+	"Hi. My name is Guitar.",
+	"space station No. 9",
+	"May the orange juice be with you !",
+	"Bloody grated carrots!",
+	"Good night, kiddos...",
+	"I like trains",
+	"I fear planes",
+	"Bruteforce.exe",
+	"Ohayogozaimasu!",
+};
+
+int motd_size = sizeof(motd)/sizeof(motd[0]);
+
+bool do_splash = true;
+
+void splash()
+{ 
+	int random = randint(time_seed());
+	char* motd_pick = motd[random%motd_size];
+	cowsay(motd_pick, red, black);
+	colorputs("        blankOS 0.3.97-alpha", red, black);
+	puts("\n");
+	
+
+	puts("        Time: ");
+	rtc_time_t time;
+	rtc_read_time(&time);
+	print_time(&time);
+	puts("\n");
+}
 
 typedef void (*command_func_t)(int argc, char *argv[]);
 
@@ -54,6 +111,12 @@ int parse_input(char* input, char* argv[], int max_args)
 
 void shell_install()
 {
+  if (do_splash == true)
+  {
+	do_splash = false;
+  	splash();
+  }
+  
   register_command("help", program_help);
   register_command("panic", program_panic);
   register_command("words", program_words);
@@ -68,12 +131,23 @@ void shell_install()
   register_command("conway", program_conway);
   register_command("rot13", program_rot13);
   register_command("morse", program_morse);
+  register_command("cowsay", program_cowsay);
+  register_command("time", program_time);
+  register_command("read", program_read);
+  register_command("reboot", program_reboot);
+  register_command("pi", program_pi);
 
   for (;;)
   {
     char input_buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
     char* argv[MAX_ARGS];
-    colorputs("blankos> ", 9);
+
+    // Prompt
+    colorputs("root", blue, black);
+    colorputs("@", white, black);
+    colorputs("blankos", green, black);
+    colorputs("~$ ", white, black);
+
     get_input(input_buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);
     puts("\n");
     

src/kernel/sysinfo.c

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+// System information kernel module
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
 #include "../libc/string.h"
 

src/kernel/sysinfo.h

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+// System information kernel module header
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #ifndef SYSINFO_H
 #define SYSINFO_H
 

src/kernel/system.c

@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
+// System utilities and routines kernel module
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #include "system.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 void *memset(void *dest, char val, size_t count)
 {
@@ -6,3 +12,29 @@ void *memset(void *dest, char val, size_t count)
 	for(; count != 0; count--) *temp++ = val;
 	return dest;
 }
+
+void *memmove(void* dest, const void* src, size_t n)
+{
+	unsigned char* d = (unsigned char*)dest;
+	const unsigned char* s = (const unsigned char*)src;
+
+	if (d < s)
+	{
+		for (size_t i=0; i<n; i++)
+		{
+			d[i] = s[i];
+		}
+	} else {
+		for (size_t i=n; i>0; i--)
+		{
+			d[i-1] = s[i-1];
+		}
+	}
+
+	return dest;
+}
+
+void panic()
+{
+	for (;;);	
+}

src/kernel/system.h

@@ -1,9 +1,18 @@
+// System utilities and routines kernel module header
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #ifndef SYSTEM_H
 #define SYSTEM_H
 
+#include <stdint.h>
+
 typedef int size_t;
+#define NULL ((void*)0)
 
 void *memset(void *dest, char val, size_t count);
+void *memmove(void* dest, const void* src, size_t n);
 
 struct regs
 {
@@ -13,6 +22,7 @@ struct regs
 	unsigned int eip, cs, eflags, useresp, ss;
 };
 
+void panic();
 void isr_install();
 void irq_install();
 void irq_install_handler(int irq, void (*handler)(struct regs *r));

src/libc/crypto.c

@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
+// Cryptography routines for blankos/libc
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #include "crypto.h"
-#include "../libc/stdint.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 int lcg(int seed)
 {

src/libc/crypto.h

@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
+// Cryptography routines for blankos/libc header
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #ifndef CRYPTO_H
 #define CRYPTO_H
 
 #define RAND_MAX 1024
 
-#include "../libc/stdint.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 int lcg(int seed);
 int randint(int seed);

src/libc/ctype.c

@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
+// Ctype implementation for blankos/libc
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
 
-#include "stdint.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
 
 bool isdigit(char c)
 {
 	return c >= '0' && c <= '9';
 }
 
-
 bool isspace(char c)
 {
 	return c == ' ' || c == '\t' || c == '\n' || c == '\v' || c == '\f' || c == '\r';

src/libc/ctype.h

@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
+// Ctype implementation for blankos/libc header
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #ifndef CTYPE_H
 #define CTYPE_H
 
-#include "stdint.h"
+#include <stdbool.h>
 
 bool isdigit(char c);
 bool isspace(char c);

src/libc/stdint.h

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef INCLUDE_STDINT_H
-#define INCLUDE_STDINT_H
-
-typedef signed char int8_t;
-typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
-
-typedef signed short int16_t;
-typedef unsigned short uint16_t;
-
-typedef signed long int int32_t;
-typedef unsigned long int uint32_t;
-
-typedef signed long long int int64_t;
-typedef unsigned long long int uint64_t;
-
-typedef uint8_t bool;
-#define true 1
-#define false 0
-
-#define NULL ((void*)0)
-
-#endif

src/libc/stdio.c

@@ -1,33 +1,50 @@
+// Standard input/output implementation for blankos/libc
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #include "../kernel/io.h"
 #include "stdio.h"
 #include "string.h"
-#include "stdint.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
 #include "../kernel/system.h"
+#include "../drivers/framebuffer.h"
+#include "../drivers/serial.h"
 
-char* fb = (char *) 0x000B8000;
+extern uint32_t* framebuffer;
-const unsigned VGA_WIDTH = 80;
+extern uint32_t VGA_WIDTH; 
-const unsigned VGA_HEIGHT = 25;
+extern uint32_t VGA_HEIGHT;
-const unsigned int COLOR = 0x7;
 unsigned int VGA_X = 0, VGA_Y = 0;
+extern int scanline;
+
+void draw_cursor(uint32_t color)
+{
+	for (int y=12; y<CURSOR_HEIGHT; y++)
+	{
+		for (int x=0; x<CURSOR_WIDTH; x++)
+		{
+			putpixel(framebuffer, scanline, 32, VGA_X * CURSOR_WIDTH + x, VGA_Y * CURSOR_HEIGHT + y, color);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void erase_cursor()
+{
+	draw_cursor(black);
+}
 
 void move_cursor(int x, int y)
 {
-  unsigned short pos = y*VGA_WIDTH+x; 
+	erase_cursor();
-
+	VGA_X = x;
-  outb(FB_CMD_PORT, FB_HIGH_BYTE_CMD);
+	VGA_Y = y;
-  outb(FB_DATA_PORT, ((pos >> 8) & 0x00FF));
+	draw_cursor(white);
-  outb(FB_CMD_PORT, FB_LOW_BYTE_CMD);
-  outb(FB_DATA_PORT, pos & 0x00FF);
 }
 
-void putchar(int x, int y, char c) 
+// stdio wrapper for draw_char in graphics mode
+void putchar(unsigned short int c, int x, int y, uint32_t fg, uint32_t bg)
 {
-  fb[2*(y*VGA_WIDTH+x)] = c;
+	draw_char(c, x, y, fg, bg);
-}
-
-void putcolor(int x, int y, unsigned int color)
-{
-  fb[2*(y*VGA_WIDTH+x)+1] = color;
 }
 
 void clear(void)
@@ -36,55 +53,15 @@ void clear(void)
   {
     for (unsigned int x=0; x<VGA_WIDTH; x++)
     {
-      putchar(x, y, '\0');
+      putchar(' ', x, y, black, black);
-      putcolor(x, y, COLOR);
     }
   }
-  VGA_X = 0;
+  move_cursor(0, 0);
-  VGA_Y = 0;
-  move_cursor(VGA_X, VGA_Y);
-}
-
-char getchar(int x, int y)
-{
-  return fb[2*(y*VGA_WIDTH+x)];
-}
-
-unsigned int getcolor(int x, int y)
-{
-  return fb[2*(y*VGA_WIDTH+x)+1];
-}
-
-void scroll(int lines)
-{
-  if (lines <= 0 || (unsigned int)lines >= VGA_HEIGHT) return;
-
-  for (unsigned int y = 0; y < VGA_HEIGHT-lines; y++)
-  {
-    for (unsigned int x = 0; x < VGA_WIDTH; x++)
-    {
-      putchar(x, y, getchar(x, y+lines));
-      putcolor(x, y, getcolor(x, y+lines));
-    }
-  }
-
-  for (unsigned int y = VGA_HEIGHT-lines; y<VGA_HEIGHT; y++)
-  {
-    for (unsigned int x = 0; x < VGA_WIDTH; x++)
-    {
-      putchar(x, y, ' ');
-      putcolor(x, y, COLOR);
-    }
-  }
-
-  VGA_Y -= lines;
-  if ((int)VGA_Y < 0) {
-	  VGA_Y = 0;
-  }
 }
 
 void putc(char c)
 {
+  erase_cursor();
   switch(c)
   {
     case '\n':
@@ -110,10 +87,10 @@ void putc(char c)
 	      VGA_Y--;
 	      VGA_X = VGA_WIDTH-1;
       }
-      putchar(VGA_X, VGA_Y, ' ');
+      putchar(' ', VGA_X, VGA_Y, white, black);
       break;
     default:
-      putchar(VGA_X, VGA_Y, c);
+      putchar(c, VGA_X, VGA_Y, white, black);
       VGA_X++;
       break;
   }
@@ -123,13 +100,19 @@ void putc(char c)
     VGA_Y++;
     VGA_X = 0;
   }
-  if (VGA_Y >= VGA_HEIGHT) scroll(1);
+  if (VGA_Y >= VGA_HEIGHT) 
+  {
+	serial_printf(3, "VGA_Y=%d, VGA_HEIGHT=%d: Scrolling...\r", VGA_Y, VGA_HEIGHT);
+	scroll();
+  	VGA_Y = VGA_HEIGHT - 1;
+  }	  
 
   move_cursor(VGA_X, VGA_Y);
 }
 
-void colorputc(char c, unsigned int color)
+void colorputc(char c, uint32_t fg, uint32_t bg)
 {
+  erase_cursor();
   switch(c)
   {
     case '\n':
@@ -143,8 +126,7 @@ void colorputc(char c, unsigned int color)
       VGA_X += 4;
       break;
     default:
-      putchar(VGA_X, VGA_Y, c);
+      putchar(c, VGA_X, VGA_Y, fg, bg);
-      putcolor(VGA_X, VGA_Y, color);
       VGA_X++;
       break;
   }
@@ -154,7 +136,14 @@ void colorputc(char c, unsigned int color)
     VGA_Y++;
     VGA_X = 0;
   }
-  if (VGA_Y >= VGA_HEIGHT) scroll(1);
+
+  if (VGA_Y >= VGA_HEIGHT) 
+  {
+	serial_printf(3, "VGA_Y=%d, VGA_HEIGHT=%d: Scrolling...\r", VGA_Y, VGA_HEIGHT);
+	scroll();
+  	VGA_Y = VGA_HEIGHT - 1;
+  }	
+
   move_cursor(VGA_X, VGA_Y);
 }
 
@@ -167,11 +156,11 @@ void puts(const char* str)
   }
 }
 
-void colorputs(const char* str, unsigned int color)
+void colorputs(const char* str, uint32_t fg, uint32_t bg)
 {
   while (*str)
   {
-    colorputc(*str, color);
+    colorputc(*str, fg, bg);
     str++;
   }
 }
@@ -221,201 +210,247 @@ void dtostrf(double val, char *buffer, int precision)
 
 void printf(const char* fmt, ...)
 {
-  int* argp = (int*) &fmt;
+    int* argp = (int*)&fmt;
-  int state = PRINTF_STATE_START;
+    int state = PRINTF_STATE_START;
-  int length = PRINTF_LENGTH_START;
+    int length = PRINTF_LENGTH_START;
-  int radix = 10;
+    int radix = 10;
-  bool sign = false;
+    bool sign = false;
+    int width = 0;
+    char pad_char = ' ';
 
-  argp++;
+    argp++;
-  while (*fmt)
+    while (*fmt)
-  {
+    {
-    switch(state) {
+        switch (state)
-      case PRINTF_STATE_START:
-        if (*fmt == '%')
         {
-          state = PRINTF_STATE_LENGTH;
+        case PRINTF_STATE_START:
-        }
+            if (*fmt == '%')
-        else {
+            {
-          putc(*fmt);
+                state = PRINTF_STATE_LENGTH;
-        }
+                width = 0;
-        break;
+                pad_char = ' ';
-      case PRINTF_STATE_LENGTH:
+            }
-        if (*fmt == 'h')
+            else
-        {
+            {
-          length = PRINTF_LENGTH_SHORT;
+                putc(*fmt);
-          state = PRINTF_STATE_SHORT;
+            }
-        }
+            break;
-        else if (*fmt == 'l')
+
-        {
+        case PRINTF_STATE_LENGTH:
-          length = PRINTF_LENGTH_LONG;
+            if (*fmt == '0')
-          state = PRINTF_STATE_LONG;
+            {
-        }
+                pad_char = '0';
-        else {
+                state = PRINTF_STATE_WIDTH;
-          goto PRINTF_STATE_SPEC_;
+            }
-        }
+            else if (*fmt >= '1' && *fmt <= '9')
-        break;
+            {
-      case PRINTF_STATE_SHORT:
+                width = *fmt - '0';
-        if (*fmt == 'h')
+                state = PRINTF_STATE_WIDTH;
-        {
+            }
-          length = PRINTF_LENGTH_SHORT_SHORT;
+            else if (*fmt == 'h')
-          state = PRINTF_STATE_SPEC;
+            {
-        }
+                length = PRINTF_LENGTH_SHORT;
-        else {
+                state = PRINTF_STATE_SHORT;
-          goto PRINTF_STATE_SPEC_;
+            }
-        }
+            else if (*fmt == 'l')
-        break;
+            {
-      case PRINTF_STATE_LONG:
+                length = PRINTF_LENGTH_LONG;
-        if (*fmt == 'l')
+                state = PRINTF_STATE_LONG;
-        {
+            }
-          length = PRINTF_LENGTH_LONG_LONG;
+            else
-          state = PRINTF_STATE_SPEC;
+            {
-        }
+                goto PRINTF_STATE_SPEC_;
-        else {
+            }
-          goto PRINTF_STATE_SPEC_;
+            break;
-        }
+
-        break;
+        case PRINTF_STATE_WIDTH:
-      case PRINTF_STATE_SPEC:
+            if (*fmt >= '0' && *fmt <= '9')
+            {
+                width = width * 10 + (*fmt - '0');
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                goto PRINTF_STATE_SPEC_;
+            }
+            break;
+
+        case PRINTF_STATE_SHORT:
+            if (*fmt == 'h')
+            {
+                length = PRINTF_LENGTH_SHORT_SHORT;
+                state = PRINTF_STATE_SPEC;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                goto PRINTF_STATE_SPEC_;
+            }
+            break;
+
+        case PRINTF_STATE_LONG:
+            if (*fmt == 'l')
+            {
+                length = PRINTF_LENGTH_LONG_LONG;
+                state = PRINTF_STATE_SPEC;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                goto PRINTF_STATE_SPEC_;
+            }
+            break;
+
+        case PRINTF_STATE_SPEC:
         PRINTF_STATE_SPEC_:
-        switch(*fmt)
+            switch (*fmt)
-        {
+            {
-          case 'c':
+            case 'c':
-            putc((char)*argp);
+                putc((char)*argp);
-            argp++;
+                argp++;
-            break;
+                break;
-          case 's':
+            case 's':
-            puts(*(const char **)argp);
+                puts(*(const char**)argp);
-            argp++;
+                argp++;
-            break;
+                break;
-          case '%':
+            case '%':
-            putc('%');
+                putc('%');
-            break;
+                break;
-          case 'd':
+            case 'd':
-          case 'i':
+            case 'i':
-            radix = 10;
+                radix = 10;
-            sign = true;
+                sign = true;
-            argp = printf_number(argp, length, sign, radix);
+                argp = printf_number(argp, length, sign, radix, width, pad_char);
-            break;
+                break;
-          case 'u':
+            case 'u':
+                radix = 10;
+                sign = false;
+                argp = printf_number(argp, length, sign, radix, width, pad_char);
+                break;
+            case 'X':
+            case 'x':
+            case 'p':
+                radix = 16;
+                sign = false;
+                argp = printf_number(argp, length, sign, radix, width, pad_char);
+                break;
+            case 'o':
+                radix = 8;
+                sign = false;
+                argp = printf_number(argp, length, sign, radix, width, pad_char);
+                break;
+            case 'f': {
+                double* dargp = (double*)argp;
+                double d = *(double*)dargp;
+                char buffer[64];
+                dtostrf(d, buffer, 6);
+                puts(buffer);
+                argp += 2;
+                break;
+            }
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            state = PRINTF_STATE_START;
+            length = PRINTF_LENGTH_START;
             radix = 10;
             sign = false;
-            argp = printf_number(argp, length, sign, radix);
+            width = 0;
-            break;
+            pad_char = ' ';
-          case 'X':
-          case 'x':
-          case 'p':
-            radix = 16;
-            sign = false;
-            argp = printf_number(argp, length, sign, radix);
-            break;
-          case 'o':
-            radix = 8;
-            sign = false;
-            argp = printf_number(argp, length, sign, radix);
-            break;
-          case 'f': {
-            // Handle floating-point numbers
-            double* dargp = (double*)argp;
-            double d = *(double*)dargp;
-            char buffer[64];
-            dtostrf(d, buffer, 6); // Default precision: 6
-            puts(buffer);
-            argp += 2; // Incrementing by 2 to move past the double argument
-            break;
-          }
-          default:
             break;
         }
-        state = PRINTF_STATE_START;
+        fmt++;
-        length = PRINTF_LENGTH_START;
-        radix = 10;
-        sign = false;
-        break;
     }
-    fmt++;
-  }
 }
 
 const char charset[] = "0123456789abcdef";
 
-int* printf_number(int* argp, int length, bool sign, int radix)
+int* printf_number(int* argp, int length, bool sign, int radix, int width, char pad_char)
 {
-  char buffer[32];
+    char buffer[32];
-  unsigned long long number;
+    unsigned long long number;
-  int number_sign = 1;
+    int number_sign = 1;
-  int pos = 0;
+    int pos = 0;
 
-  switch(length)
+    switch (length)
-  {
+    {
     case PRINTF_LENGTH_SHORT_SHORT:
     case PRINTF_LENGTH_SHORT:
     case PRINTF_LENGTH_START:
-      if (sign)
+        if (sign)
-      {
-        int n = *argp;
-        if (n < 0)
         {
-          n = -n;
+            int n = *argp;
-          number_sign = -1;
+            if (n < 0)
+            {
+                n = -n;
+                number_sign = -1;
+            }
+            number = (unsigned long long)n;
         }
-        number = (unsigned long long) n;
+        else
-      }
+        {
-      else {
+            number = *(unsigned int*)argp;
-        number = *(unsigned int*) argp;
+        }
-      }
+        argp++;
-      argp++;
+        break;
-      break;
     case PRINTF_LENGTH_LONG:
-      if (sign)
+        if (sign)
-      {
-        long int n = *(long int*)argp;
-        if (n < 0)
         {
-          n = -n;
+            long int n = *(long int*)argp;
-          number_sign = -1;
+            if (n < 0)
+            {
+                n = -n;
+                number_sign = -1;
+            }
+            number = (unsigned long long)n;
         }
-        number = (unsigned long long) n;
+        else
-      }
+        {
-      else {
+            number = *(unsigned long int*)argp;
-        number = *(unsigned long int*) argp;
+        }
-      }
+        argp += 2;
-      argp += 2;
+        break;
-      break;
     case PRINTF_LENGTH_LONG_LONG:
-      if (sign)
+        if (sign)
-      {
-        long long int n = *(long long int*)argp;
-        if (n < 0)
         {
-          n = -n;
+            long long int n = *(long long int*)argp;
-          number_sign = -1;
+            if (n < 0)
+            {
+                n = -n;
+                number_sign = -1;
+            }
+            number = (unsigned long long)n;
         }
-        number = (unsigned long long) n;
+        else
-      }
+        {
-      else {
+            number = *(unsigned long long int*)argp;
-        number = *(unsigned long long int*) argp;
+        }
-      }
+        argp += 4;
-      argp += 4;
+        break;
-      break;
+    }
-  }
 
-  do {
+    do
-    uint32_t rem;
+    {
-    x86_div64_32(number, radix, &number, &rem);
+        uint32_t rem;
-    buffer[pos++] = charset[rem];
+        x86_div64_32(number, radix, &number, &rem);
-  } while (number > 0);
+        buffer[pos++] = charset[rem];
+    } while (number > 0);
 
-  if (sign && number_sign < 0)
+    if (sign && number_sign < 0)
-  {
+    {
-    buffer[pos++] = '-';
+        buffer[pos++] = '-';
-  }
+    }
 
-  while (--pos >= 0)
+    int padding = width - pos;
-  {
-    putc(buffer[pos]);
-  }
 
-  return argp;
+    while (padding-- > 0)
+    {
+        putc(pad_char);
+    }
+
+    while (--pos >= 0)
+    {
+        putc(buffer[pos]);
+    }
+
+    return argp;
 }
 
 int getch()

src/libc/stdio.h

@@ -1,45 +1,90 @@
-#ifndef INCLUDE_STDIO_H
+// Standard input/output implementation for blankos/libc header
-#define INCLUDE_STDIO_H
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
 
-#include "stdint.h"
+#ifndef STDIO_H
+#define STDIO_H
 
-#define FB_GREEN      2
+#include <stdint.h>
-#define FB_DARK_GREY  8
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#define FB_GREEN      	  2
+#define FB_DARK_GREY  	  8
 
 #define FB_CMD_PORT       0x3D4
 #define FB_DATA_PORT      0x3D5
 #define FB_HIGH_BYTE_CMD  14
 #define FB_LOW_BYTE_CMD   15
 
+#define CURSOR_WIDTH  	  8
+#define CURSOR_HEIGHT     16
+
+void draw_cursor(uint32_t color);
+void erase_cursor();
+
 void move_cursor(int x, int y);
-void putchar(int x, int y, char c);
+void putchar(unsigned short int c, int x, int y, uint32_t fg, uint32_t bg);
 void puts(const char* str);
-void colorputs(const char* str, unsigned int color);
 void clear(void);
+void colorputs(const char* str, uint32_t fg, uint32_t bg);
 void putcolor(int x, int y, unsigned int color);
 char getchar(int x, int y);
 unsigned int getcolor(int x, int y);
-void scroll(int lines);
 void putc(char c);
-void colorputc(char c, unsigned int color);
+void colorputc(char c, uint32_t fg, uint32_t bg);
 
-#define PRINTF_STATE_START 0
+#define PRINTF_STATE_START 			0
-#define PRINTF_STATE_LENGTH 1
+#define PRINTF_STATE_LENGTH 		1
-#define PRINTF_STATE_SHORT 2
+#define PRINTF_STATE_SHORT 			2
-#define PRINTF_STATE_LONG 3
+#define PRINTF_STATE_LONG 			3
-#define PRINTF_STATE_SPEC 4
+#define PRINTF_STATE_SPEC 			4
+#define PRINTF_STATE_WIDTH 			5
 
-#define PRINTF_LENGTH_START 0
+#define PRINTF_LENGTH_START 		0
-#define PRINTF_LENGTH_SHORT_SHORT 1
+#define PRINTF_LENGTH_SHORT_SHORT 	1
-#define PRINTF_LENGTH_SHORT 2
+#define PRINTF_LENGTH_SHORT 		2
-#define PRINTF_LENGTH_LONG 3
+#define PRINTF_LENGTH_LONG 			3
-#define PRINTF_LENGTH_LONG_LONG 4
+#define PRINTF_LENGTH_LONG_LONG 	4
 
 void printf(const char* fmt, ...);
-int* printf_number(int* argp, int length, bool sign, int radix);
+int* printf_number(int* argp, int length, bool sign, int radix, int width, char pad_char);
 int getch();
 void get_input(char *buffer, int size);
-
 void dtostrf(double val, char *buffer, int precision);
 
+enum Colors
+{
+	// AARRGGBB?
+	white       = 0xFFFFFFFF,
+	black       = 0x00000000,
+	red         = 0x00FF0000,
+	green       = 0x0000FF00,
+	blue        = 0x000000FF,
+	yellow      = 0x00FFFF00,
+	cyan   	    = 0x0000FFFF,
+    	magenta     = 0x00FF00FF,
+    	orange      = 0x00FFA500,
+    	purple      = 0x00800080,
+    	brown       = 0x00A52A2A,
+    	gray        = 0x00808080,
+    	pink        = 0x00FFC0CB,
+    	lime        = 0x00BFFF00,
+    	navy        = 0x00000080,
+    	teal        = 0x00008080,
+    	maroon      = 0x00800000,
+    	olive       = 0x00808000,
+    	silver      = 0x00C0C0C0,
+    	gold        = 0x00FFD700,
+    	indigo      = 0x004B0082,
+    	violet      = 0x00EE82EE,
+    	coral       = 0x00FF7F50,
+    	turquoise   = 0x0040E0D0,
+    	salmon      = 0x00FA8072,
+    	chocolate   = 0x00D2691E,
+    	khaki       = 0x00F0E68C,
+    	lavender    = 0x00E6E6FA,
+    	beige       = 0x00F5F5DC
+};
+
 #endif

src/libc/string.c

@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
-#include "stdint.h"
+// String operations implementation for blankos/libc
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include "../kernel/system.h"
 
 int strlen(const char* str)
 {
@@ -68,3 +74,32 @@ char* strtok(char* str, const char* delimiter)
 
 	return token_start;
 }
+
+int atoi(char* str)
+{
+	int result = 0;
+
+	for (int i=0; str[i] != '\0'; i++)
+	{
+		result = result*10 + str[i] - '0';
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+void strcat(char* dest, const char* src)
+{
+	while (*dest)
+	{
+		dest++;
+	}
+
+	while (*src)
+	{
+		*dest = *src;
+		dest++;
+		src++;
+	}
+
+	*dest = '\0';
+}

src/libc/string.h

@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
-#ifndef INCLUDE_STRING_H
+// String operations implementation for blankos/libc header
-#define INCLUDE_STRING_H
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+#ifndef STRING_H
+#define STRING_H
 
 int strlen(const char* str);
 int strcmp(const char* str1, const char* str2);
 char* strtok(char* str, const char* delimiter);
+int atoi(char* str);
+void strcat(char* dest, const char* src);
+
 
 #endif

src/programs/bf.c

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+// Simple brainfuck interpreter program
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
 
 #include "../kernel/system.h"
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"

src/programs/ciphers.c

@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
+// Cipher programs
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
 #include "ciphers.h"
+#include "../libc/string.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 void rot13(char* input, char* output)
 {
@@ -22,18 +29,28 @@ void rot13(char* input, char* output)
 	output[i] = '\0';
 }
 
-void program_rot13()
+void program_rot13(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
-	char input_buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
+	if (argc < 2)
-	char output[BUFFER_SIZE];
+	{
-	puts("String? ");
+		printf("Usage: %s <string>\n", argv[0]);
-	get_input(input_buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);
+		return;
-	rot13(input_buffer, output);
+	}
-	printf("\n%s\n", output);
-}
 
-#include "../libc/string.h"
+	char input_buffer[BUFFER_SIZE] = {0};
-#include "../libc/stdint.h"
+	char output[BUFFER_SIZE] = {0};
+
+	for (int i=1; i<argc; i++)
+	{
+		strcat(input_buffer, argv[i]);
+		if (i<argc-1)
+		{
+			strcat(input_buffer, " ");
+		}
+	}
+	rot13(input_buffer, output);
+	printf("%s\n", output);
+}
 
 const char* morse_alphabet[] = {
     ".-",   // A
@@ -117,12 +134,27 @@ void to_morse(const char* input, char* output) {
     }
 }
 
-void program_morse() {
+void program_morse(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+    
+    if (argc < 2)
+    {
+	printf("Usage: %s <string>\n", argv[0]);
+	return;
+    }
+	
     char output[512]; 
-    char input_buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
+    char message[BUFFER_SIZE];
-    puts("String? ");
+
-    get_input(input_buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);
+    for (int i=1; i<argc; i++)
-    to_morse(input_buffer, output);
+    {
-    printf("\n%s\n", output);
+	strcat(message, argv[i]);
+	if (i < argc-1)
+	{
+		strcat(message, " ");
+	}
+    }
+
+    to_morse(message, output);
+    printf("%s\n", output);
 }
 

src/programs/ciphers.h

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+// Cipher programs header
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #ifndef CIPHERS_H
 #define CIPHERS_H
 

src/programs/conway.c

@@ -1,21 +1,25 @@
+// Conway's Game of Life program
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #include "conway.h"
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
 #include "../kernel/system.h"
 #include "../libc/crypto.h"
-#include "../libc/stdint.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
 #include "../drivers/serial.h"
 #include "../libc/string.h"
 
 void print_grid(const unsigned char grid[X][Y])
 {
+	clear();
 	for (int i=0; i<X; i++)
 	{
 		for (int j=0; j<Y; j++)
 		{
-			//(grid[i][j] == LIVE) ? putc(42) : putc(32);
 			if (grid[i][j] == LIVE) {
-				serial_printf(3, "alive");
+			       putc(35);
-			       colorputc(32, 120);
 			} else {
 	       		       putc(32);
 			}		       

src/programs/conway.h

@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
+// Conway's Game of Life program header
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #ifndef CONWAY_H
 #define CONWAY_H
 
-#define X 25
+#define X 66
-#define Y 80
+#define Y 240
 
 #define GENERATIONS 100
 #define DEAD 0

src/programs/cowsay.c

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// Cowsay-like program
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+#include "../libc/stdio.h"
+#include "../libc/string.h"
+
+#define MAX_MSG_LEN 128
+
+const char* cow =
+"        \\   ^__^\n"
+"         \\  (oo)\\_______\n"
+"            (__)\\       )\\/\\\n"
+"                ||----w |\n"
+"                ||     ||\n";
+
+void print_bubble(const char* message)
+{
+	int len = strlen(message);
+	puts(" ");
+	for (int i=0; i<len+2; i++)
+	{
+		puts("_");
+	}
+	puts("\n");
+
+	printf("< %s >\n", message);
+
+	puts(" ");
+	for (int i=0; i<len+2; i++)
+	{
+		puts("-");
+	}
+	puts("\n");
+}
+
+void cowsay(char* msg, uint32_t fg, uint32_t bg)
+{
+	print_bubble(msg);
+	colorputs(cow, fg, bg);
+}
+
+void program_cowsay(int argc, char* argv[])
+{
+	if (argc < 2)
+	{
+		printf("Usage: %s <message>\n", argv[0]);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	char message[MAX_MSG_LEN];
+	message[0] = '\0';
+
+	for (int i=1; i<argc; i++)
+	{
+		if (strlen(message) + strlen(argv[i]) + 1 < MAX_MSG_LEN)
+		{
+			strcat(message, argv[i]);
+			if (i < argc-1)
+			{
+				strcat(message, " ");
+			}
+		} else {
+			puts("Too long message.\n");
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	print_bubble(message);
+	printf("%s", cow);
+}

src/programs/math.c

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
-// Math expression lexer and parser
+// Basic math expression lexer and parser program
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
 
-#include "../libc/stdint.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
 #include "../kernel/system.h"
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
 #include "../libc/ctype.h"

src/programs/misc.c

@@ -1,24 +1,52 @@
 // Miscellaneous small programs
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
 
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
 #include "../kernel/system.h"
 #include "../libc/string.h"
+#include "../drivers/framebuffer.h"
+#include "../drivers/ata.h"
+#include "../drivers/rtc.h"
+#include "../kernel/io.h"
 
 // Print a rainbow colorful text for testing
 
 #define BUF_SIZE 256
 #define COLORS 20
 
-void program_rainbow()
+void program_rainbow(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
-	char input_buffer[BUF_SIZE];
+	if (argc < 2)
-	puts("What to print? ");
-	get_input(input_buffer, BUF_SIZE);	
-	puts("\n");
-
-	for (int i=0; i<COLORS; i++)
 	{
-		colorputs(input_buffer, i);
+		printf("Usage: %s <string>\n", argv[0]);
+		return;
+	}
+	
+	char input_buffer[BUF_SIZE] = {0};
+	for (int i=1; i<argc; i++)
+	{
+		strcat(input_buffer, argv[i]);
+		if (i<argc-1)
+		{
+			strcat(input_buffer, " ");
+		}
+	}
+
+	enum Colors colors[] = {
+        	white, black, red, green, blue, yellow,
+        	cyan, magenta, orange, purple, brown,
+        	gray, pink, lime, navy, teal, maroon,
+        	olive, silver, gold, indigo, violet,
+        	coral, turquoise, salmon, chocolate,
+        	khaki, lavender, beige
+    	};
+	int colors_count = sizeof(colors)/sizeof(colors[0]);
+
+	for (int i=0; i<colors_count-1; i++)
+	{
+		colorputs(input_buffer, colors[i], colors[i+1]);
 		puts("\n");
 	}	
 }
@@ -29,7 +57,7 @@ void program_rainbow()
 
 void program_clear()
 {	
-	for (int i=0; i<ROWS; i++) scroll(1);
+	clear();
 }
 
 // Get uptime in ticks
@@ -37,7 +65,7 @@ void program_clear()
 void program_uptime()
 {
 	int ticks = uptime();
-	double seconds = ticks/18.2065; // PIC channel 0 freq
+	double seconds = ticks/18.2065; // PIT channel 0 freq
 	printf("%d ticks\t%f seconds\n", ticks, seconds);
 }
 
@@ -45,7 +73,7 @@ void program_uptime()
 
 void program_help()
 {
-	printf("help\tpanic\twords\tprimes\trainbow\tclear\nmath\tbf\t   uptime   echo\t  sysinfo\tconway\nrot13   morse\n");
+	printf("help\tpanic\twords\tprimes\trainbow\tclear\nmath\tbf\t   uptime   echo\t  sysinfo\tconway\nrot13   morse\tcowsay   time\t  read\t   reboot\npi\n");
 }
 
 // Panic
@@ -68,3 +96,50 @@ void program_echo(int argc, char* argv[])
 	}
 	puts("\n");
 }
+
+// Get current RTC time
+
+void program_time()
+{
+	rtc_time_t time;
+	rtc_read_time(&time);
+	puts("Current RTC time: ");
+	print_time(&time);
+	puts("\n");
+}
+
+// Read a sector
+
+void program_read(int argc, char* argv[])
+{
+	if (argc < 2)
+	{
+		printf("Usage: %s <sector>\n", argv[0]);
+	} else if (argc == 2)
+	{
+		uint8_t buffer[512];
+		ata_read_sector(atoi(argv[1]), buffer);
+		
+		for (int i=0; i<512; i++)
+		{
+			if (i%50==0) puts("\n"); // hardcoded = bad
+			printf("%02x ", buffer[i]);
+		}
+		puts("\n");
+	} else
+	{
+		puts("Invalid argument number\n");
+	}
+}
+
+// Reboots the machine (might just shutdown)
+
+void program_reboot()
+{
+	puts("Rebooting...\n");
+	
+	while(inb(0x64) & 0x02);
+	outb(0x64, 0xFE);
+
+	while (1) asm volatile("hlt");
+}

src/programs/pi.c

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Program for Pi computation using Leibniz series
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+#include "../libc/stdio.h"
+#include "../libc/string.h"
+
+void program_pi(int argc, char* argv[])
+{
+	if (argc < 2)
+	{
+		printf("Usage: %s <terms>\n", argv[0]);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	double pi = 0.0;
+	int terms = atoi(argv[1]);
+	
+	for (int i=0; i<terms; i++)
+	{
+		double term = 1.0/(2*i+1);
+		if (i%2 == 0)
+		{
+			pi += term;
+		} else {
+			pi -= term;
+		}
+	}
+
+	pi *= 4;
+
+	printf("%f\n", pi);
+}

src/programs/primes.c

@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
-#include "../libc/stdint.h"
+// Prime number computation program
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+#include <stdint.h>
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
 #include "../kernel/system.h"
+#include "../libc/string.h"
 
 #define PRIMES_MAX 1000000
 
@@ -11,15 +17,28 @@ bool isPrime(int n)
 	return true;
 }
 
-void program_primes()
+void program_primes(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
-	for (long long x=0; x<PRIMES_MAX; x++)
+	int primes_max;
+	
+	if (argc == 1)
 	{
-		if (isPrime(x))
+		primes_max = PRIMES_MAX;
+	} else if (argc == 2)
+	{
+		primes_max = atoi(argv[1]);
+	}
+
+	for (long long x=0; x<primes_max; x++)
+	{	
+		if (isPrime(x) && x != 3301)
 		{
 				printf("%d ", x);	
+		} else if(x == 3301)
+		{
+				colorputs("3301 ", red, black);
 		}
-		delay(2);
+		delay(1);
 	}
 	puts("\n");
 }

src/programs/programs.h

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+// Global program entry points header
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
 #ifndef PROGRAMS_H
 #define PROGRAMS_H
 
@@ -10,6 +15,9 @@ void program_sysinfo();
 void get_cpuid();
 void get_meminfo(unsigned int multiboot_info_address);
 void program_conway();
+void program_cowsay();
+void cowsay(); // Splash screen
+void program_pi();
 
 // Ciphers
 void program_rot13();
@@ -22,4 +30,8 @@ void program_uptime();
 void program_panic();
 void program_help();
 void program_echo();
+void program_time();
+void program_read();
+void program_reboot();
+
 #endif

src/programs/sysinfo.c

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+// System information program
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
 
 #include "../kernel/sysinfo.h"
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
@@ -36,6 +40,7 @@ void get_cpuid()
 	printf("CPU information\n\tvendor:   %s\n\tfamily:   %u\n\tmodel:    %u\n\tfeatures: 0x%x\n", vendor, family, model, edx);
 }
 
+// Not really working anymore as it was made for multiboot1, now using multiboot2
 void get_meminfo(unsigned int multiboot_info_address, int verbose)
 {
 	// RAM
@@ -52,13 +57,15 @@ void get_meminfo(unsigned int multiboot_info_address, int verbose)
 
 		while ((unsigned int)mmap < multiboot_info_address + *((unsigned int*)(multiboot_info_address + 40)))
 		{
+			/*	
 			if (mmap->length_high != 0 && mmap->length_low != 0)
-			{
+			{*/
 				printf("0x%x%x | 0x%x%x | %u\n",
 					mmap->base_addr_high, mmap->base_addr_low,
 					mmap->length_high, mmap->length_low,
 					mmap->type);
-			}
+			//}
+			
 			mmap = (multiboot_memory_map_t*)((unsigned int)mmap + mmap->size + sizeof(unsigned int));
 		}
 	}

src/programs/words.c

@@ -1,46 +1,211 @@
+// Pseudo-random word generation program
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
 
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
 #include "../libc/crypto.h"
 #include "../kernel/system.h"
+#include "../libc/string.h"
+
+// Small dictionary
 
 char* words[] =
 {
+	// A
 	"I", "us", "they", "my",
 	"a", "an", "is", "are", "for", "while", "not", "none", "yes", "no",
 	"absolutely", "addition", "additive", "afternoon", "architect", "ask",
-	"be", "blindfold", "brilliant", "boy", "brilliant", "bring", "buddy",
+	"ability", "above", "absence", "academy", "account", "achieve", "acquire",
+	"adapt", "admit", "adventure", "affection", "agenda", "agreement", "airport",
+	"alert", "alibi", "alive", "allow", "almond", "alphabet", "always",
+
+	// B
+	"be", "blindfold", "brilliant", "boy", "bring", "buddy",
+	"balance", "bamboo", "band", "banjo", "bank", "banner", "barrel",
+	"basic", "battery", "beach", "beacon", "beard", "behavior", "believe",
+	"belt", "benefit", "berry", "bicycle", "bingo", "biology", "birthday",
+	"biscuit", "bitter", "blanket", "blizzard", "blossom", "blueprint", "board",
+
+	// C
 	"career", "caterpillar", "change", "cheeky", "chop",
+	"cabin", "cactus", "camera", "candle", "candy", "canoe", "canvas",
+	"capital", "captain", "caravan", "carbon", "carpet", "cartoon", "castle",
+	"casual", "catalog", "catch", "category", "celebrate", "ceremony", "certain",
+	"chain", "chair", "chamber", "charge", "charity", "cheese", "chef",
+
+	// D
 	"decide", "demonstrate", "draw", "druggist",
+	"daisy", "dance", "danger", "daring", "database", "debate", "decade",
+	"decline", "decorate", "decrease", "dedicate", "defeat", "defend", "define",
+	"degree", "delight", "delivery", "demand", "dentist", "deny", "depart",
+	"depth", "describe", "deserve", "desire", "destroy", "develop", "device",
+
+	// E
 	"eagle", "ear", "effort", "evening",
+	"early", "earn", "earth", "ease", "east", "easy", "echo",
+	"eclipse", "economy", "edge", "edit", "educate", "effect", "effort",
+	"egg", "eight", "either", "elder", "elect", "elegant", "element",
+	"elephant", "elevator", "elite", "embark", "embrace", "emerge", "emotion",
+
+	// F
 	"fabric", "famous", "fuse",
+	"face", "factor", "fail", "fair", "fall", "false", "fame",
+	"family", "fancy", "fantasy", "farewell", "farm", "fashion", "fast",
+	"fault", "favor", "feather", "feature", "federal", "feedback", "feeling",
+	"female", "fence", "festival", "fever", "fiber", "fiction", "field",
+
+	// G
 	"generation", "generous", "girl", "gypsy", "grip",
+	"gallery", "game", "garage", "garden", "garlic", "gas", "gate",
+	"gather", "general", "genius", "gentle", "genuine", "geography", "gesture",
+	"ghost", "giant", "gift", "giggle", "ginger", "giraffe", "glance",
+	"glass", "globe", "glory", "glove", "glue", "goal", "gold",
+
+	// H
 	"habit", "handsome", "helmet", "help", "horror",
+	"hair", "half", "hammer", "hand", "handle", "hang", "happen",
+	"harbor", "hard", "harm", "harvest", "hat", "hate", "have",
+	"head", "health", "heart", "heat", "heaven", "heavy", "hedge",
+	"height", "hello", "heritage", "hero", "hesitate", "hidden", "high",
+
+	// I
 	"insist", "inventor", "itself", "ivory",
+	"ice", "idea", "ideal", "identify", "ignore", "ill", "image",
+	"imagine", "impact", "import", "impress", "improve", "impulse", "inch",
+	"include", "income", "increase", "index", "industry", "infant", "inform",
+	"insect", "inside", "inspire", "install", "instead", "insult", "intact",
+
+	// J
 	"jog", "joint", "joke", "judge",
+	"jacket", "jaguar", "jail", "jam", "january", "jar", "jazz",
+	"jealous", "jeans", "jelly", "jewel", "job", "join", "journey",
+	"joy", "judge", "juice", "jump", "jungle", "junior", "justice",
+	"just", "justify", "juggle", "juice", "jumper", "junction", "jury",
+
+	// K
 	"karate", "kebab", "kitchen",
+	"kangaroo", "keen", "keep", "kettle", "key", "keyboard", "kick",
+	"kid", "kidney", "king", "kiss", "kite", "knee", "knife",
+	"knit", "knock", "knot", "know", "knowledge", "koala", "kudos",
+	"keen", "kernel", "kit", "kitten", "knack", "knight", "knock",
+
+	// L
 	"lamb", "lawnmower", "left", "lock",
+	"label", "labor", "lace", "ladder", "lady", "lake", "lamp",
+	"land", "language", "large", "laser", "last", "later", "laugh",
+	"launch", "law", "layer", "lead", "leaf", "learn", "least",
+	"leather", "leave", "lecture", "legal", "legend", "lemon", "length",
+
+	// M
 	"math", "medicine", "most",
+	"machine", "magnet", "mail", "main", "major", "make", "male",
+	"manage", "mango", "manner", "manual", "map", "marble", "march",
+	"mark", "market", "marriage", "master", "match", "material", "matter",
+	"maximum", "mayor", "meal", "mean", "measure", "media", "memory",
+
+	// N
 	"noodles", "nowadays", "nowhere",
+	"nail", "name", "narrow", "nation", "native", "nature", "navy",
+	"near", "neat", "necessary", "neck", "need", "negative", "neglect",
+	"neither", "nerve", "nest", "net", "network", "neutral", "never",
+	"new", "news", "next", "nice", "night", "noble", "noise",
+
+	// O
 	"ocean", "older", "ounce",
+	"object", "observe", "obtain", "occasion", "occupy", "occur", "ocean",
+	"offer", "office", "often", "oil", "old", "olive", "olympic",
+	"omit", "once", "one", "onion", "online", "only", "open",
+	"opera", "opinion", "oppose", "option", "orange", "orbit", "order",
+
+	// P
 	"part", "pathetic", "pastime",
+	"pace", "package", "page", "pain", "paint", "pair", "palm",
+	"panel", "panic", "paper", "parent", "park", "part", "party",
+	"pass", "path", "patient", "pattern", "pause", "peace", "peak",
+	"pen", "pencil", "people", "pepper", "perfect", "perform", "permit",
+
+	// Q
 	"quite", "quits", "quotation",
+	"quality", "quantity", "quarter", "queen", "query", "quest", "quick",
+	"quiet", "quilt", "quit", "quote", "quiz", "quota", "quiver",
+	"quirky", "quaint", "quake", "qualification", "qualify", "quark", "quartz",
+	"queue", "quench", "question", "quote", "quiver", "quorum", "quote",
+
+	// R
 	"race", "raise", "reality",
+	"rabbit", "race", "radio", "rain", "raise", "random", "range",
+	"rapid", "rare", "rate", "rather", "ratio", "reach", "react",
+	"read", "ready", "real", "reason", "rebel", "recall", "receive",
+	"recipe", "record", "recover", "reduce", "refer", "reflect", "reform",
+
+	// S
 	"safe", "scare", "screen",
+	"sack", "sail", "salad", "salt", "same", "sample", "sand",
+	"save", "scale", "scan", "scar", "scene", "school", "science",
+	"score", "scratch", "scream", "screen", "script", "search", "season",
+	"seat", "second", "secret", "section", "secure", "see", "seed",
+
+	// T
 	"taught", "temple", "that", "this",
+	"table", "tackle", "tail", "take", "tale", "talent", "talk",
+	"tank", "tape", "target", "task", "taste", "tax", "teach",
+	"team", "tear", "technology", "telephone", "television", "temperature", "tend",
+	"tennis", "tent", "term", "test", "text", "thank", "theory",
+
+	// U
 	"unable", "unkind", "usual",
+	"umbrella", "unable", "uncle", "under", "undo", "unfair", "unfold",
+	"union", "unique", "unit", "universe", "unknown", "unless", "unlike",
+	"unlock", "until", "unusual", "update", "upgrade", "upon", "upper",
+	"upset", "urban", "urge", "use", "usual", "utility", "utter",
+
+	// V
 	"velvet", "vivid", "vote",
+	"vacuum", "valid", "valley", "value", "vampire", "van", "vase",
+	"vast", "vault", "vector", "vehicle", "velvet", "vendor", "venture",
+	"verb", "verify", "version", "vessel", "veteran", "veto", "vibrate",
+	"victory", "video", "view", "village", "violin", "virtue", "virus",
+
+	// W
 	"we", "warm", "watch",
+	"wage", "wait", "walk", "wall", "wander", "want", "war",
+	"wash", "waste", "watch", "water", "wave", "way", "wealth",
+	"weapon", "wear", "weather", "weave", "wedding", "week", "weight",
+	"welcome", "well", "west", "wheel", "when", "whisper", "white",
+
+	// X
 	"xylophone",
+	"xenon", "xenophobia", "xerox", "xmas", "x-ray", "xylophone", "xylem",
+
+	// Y
 	"yolk", "young", "your",
+	"yard", "yarn", "year", "yell", "yellow", "yes", "yesterday",
+	"yet", "yield", "yogurt", "yoke", "youth", "yawn", "yearn",
+	"yacht", "yummy", "yogurt", "yoga", "yardstick", "yonder", "yummy",
+
+	// Z
 	"zebra", "zodiac", "zucchini",
+	"zero", "zone", "zoo", "zoom", "zeal", "zip", "zigzag",
+	"zenith", "zest", "zipper", "zombie", "zonal", "zinc", "zephyr"
 };
 
 int words_size = sizeof(words)/sizeof(words[0]);
 
-// Generates 5 random words
+// Generates random words
-void program_words()
+void program_words(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
-	for (int i=0; i<10; i++)
+	int amount;
+
+	if (argc == 1)
+	{
+		amount = 10;
+	} else if (argc == 2)
+	{
+		amount = atoi(argv[1]);
+	}
+
+	for (int i=0; i<amount; i++)
 	{
 		int random = randint(global_ticks);
 		char* word = words[random%words_size];