From 87bb1d96fd753e6f0649fe30e34a8ddacafdb24a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: xamidev <121681048+xamidev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Sep 2024 20:31:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1/9] Change: programs->utils

---
 makefile                                   | 8 ++++----
 src/kernel/kmain.c                         | 2 +-
 src/kernel/shell.c                         | 2 +-
 src/{programs => utils}/bf.c               | 0
 src/{programs => utils}/bmp.c              | 0
 src/{programs => utils}/ciphers.c          | 0
 src/{programs => utils}/ciphers.h          | 0
 src/{programs => utils}/conway.c           | 0
 src/{programs => utils}/conway.h           | 0
 src/{programs => utils}/cowsay.c           | 0
 src/{programs => utils}/fs.c               | 0
 src/{programs => utils}/math.c             | 0
 src/{programs => utils}/misc.c             | 0
 src/{programs => utils}/navalbattle.c      | 0
 src/{programs => utils}/navalbattle.h      | 0
 src/{programs => utils}/pi.c               | 0
 src/{programs => utils}/primes.c           | 0
 src/{programs => utils}/snake.c            | 0
 src/{programs => utils}/sysinfo.c          | 0
 src/{programs/programs.h => utils/utils.h} | 4 ++--
 src/{programs => utils}/words.c            | 0
 21 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/bf.c (100%)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/bmp.c (100%)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/ciphers.c (100%)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/ciphers.h (100%)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/conway.c (100%)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/conway.h (100%)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/cowsay.c (100%)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/fs.c (100%)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/math.c (100%)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/misc.c (100%)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/navalbattle.c (100%)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/navalbattle.h (100%)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/pi.c (100%)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/primes.c (100%)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/snake.c (100%)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/sysinfo.c (100%)
 rename src/{programs/programs.h => utils/utils.h} (96%)
 rename src/{programs => utils}/words.c (100%)

diff --git a/makefile b/makefile
index c6eb216..0e216e4 100644
--- a/makefile
+++ b/makefile
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ ASFLAGS = -f elf
 SRC_DIR = src
 KERNEL_DIR = $(SRC_DIR)/kernel
 LIBC_DIR = $(SRC_DIR)/libc
-PROGRAMS_DIR = $(SRC_DIR)/programs
+UTILS_DIR = $(SRC_DIR)/utils
 DRIVERS_DIR = $(SRC_DIR)/drivers
 INCLUDE_DIR = include
 FONTS_DIR = $(INCLUDE_DIR)/fonts
 OBJ_DIR = build
 
-C_SOURCES = $(wildcard $(KERNEL_DIR)/*.c) $(wildcard $(LIBC_DIR)/*.c) $(wildcard $(PROGRAMS_DIR)/*.c) $(wildcard $(DRIVERS_DIR)/*.c)
-ASM_SOURCES = $(wildcard $(KERNEL_DIR)/*.s) $(wildcard $(LIBC_DIR)/*.s) $(wildcard $(PROGRAMS_DIR)/*.s) $(wildcard $(DRIVERS_DIR)/*.s)
+C_SOURCES = $(wildcard $(KERNEL_DIR)/*.c) $(wildcard $(LIBC_DIR)/*.c) $(wildcard $(UTILS_DIR)/*.c) $(wildcard $(DRIVERS_DIR)/*.c)
+ASM_SOURCES = $(wildcard $(KERNEL_DIR)/*.s) $(wildcard $(LIBC_DIR)/*.s) $(wildcard $(UTILS_DIR)/*.s) $(wildcard $(DRIVERS_DIR)/*.s)
 
 OBJECTS = $(patsubst $(SRC_DIR)/%, $(OBJ_DIR)/%, $(C_SOURCES:.c=.o) $(ASM_SOURCES:.s=.o)) 
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ all: $(OBJ_DIR) kernel.elf
 
 $(OBJ_DIR):
 	mkdir -p $(OBJ_DIR)
-	mkdir -p $(OBJ_DIR)/kernel $(OBJ_DIR)/libc $(OBJ_DIR)/programs $(OBJ_DIR)/drivers $(OBJ_DIR)/fonts
+	mkdir -p $(OBJ_DIR)/kernel $(OBJ_DIR)/libc $(OBJ_DIR)/utils $(OBJ_DIR)/drivers $(OBJ_DIR)/fonts
 
 kernel.elf: $(OBJECTS) $(FONT_OBJ)
 	ld $(LDFLAGS) $(OBJECTS) $(FONT_OBJ) -o kernel.elf
diff --git a/src/kernel/kmain.c b/src/kernel/kmain.c
index 26b0367..b506a74 100644
--- a/src/kernel/kmain.c
+++ b/src/kernel/kmain.c
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #include "multiboot2.h"
 #include "kheap.h"
 #include "initrd.h"
-#include "../programs/programs.h"
+#include "../utils/utils.h"
 #include "../libc/crypto.h"
 
 void kmain(multiboot2_info *mb_info)
diff --git a/src/kernel/shell.c b/src/kernel/shell.c
index 10ec05e..c1e75be 100644
--- a/src/kernel/shell.c
+++ b/src/kernel/shell.c
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include "system.h"
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
 #include "../libc/string.h"
-#include "../programs/programs.h"
+#include "../utils/utils.h"
 #include "../libc/crypto.h"
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include "../drivers/rtc.h"
diff --git a/src/programs/bf.c b/src/utils/bf.c
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/bf.c
rename to src/utils/bf.c
diff --git a/src/programs/bmp.c b/src/utils/bmp.c
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/bmp.c
rename to src/utils/bmp.c
diff --git a/src/programs/ciphers.c b/src/utils/ciphers.c
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/ciphers.c
rename to src/utils/ciphers.c
diff --git a/src/programs/ciphers.h b/src/utils/ciphers.h
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/ciphers.h
rename to src/utils/ciphers.h
diff --git a/src/programs/conway.c b/src/utils/conway.c
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/conway.c
rename to src/utils/conway.c
diff --git a/src/programs/conway.h b/src/utils/conway.h
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/conway.h
rename to src/utils/conway.h
diff --git a/src/programs/cowsay.c b/src/utils/cowsay.c
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/cowsay.c
rename to src/utils/cowsay.c
diff --git a/src/programs/fs.c b/src/utils/fs.c
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/fs.c
rename to src/utils/fs.c
diff --git a/src/programs/math.c b/src/utils/math.c
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/math.c
rename to src/utils/math.c
diff --git a/src/programs/misc.c b/src/utils/misc.c
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/misc.c
rename to src/utils/misc.c
diff --git a/src/programs/navalbattle.c b/src/utils/navalbattle.c
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/navalbattle.c
rename to src/utils/navalbattle.c
diff --git a/src/programs/navalbattle.h b/src/utils/navalbattle.h
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/navalbattle.h
rename to src/utils/navalbattle.h
diff --git a/src/programs/pi.c b/src/utils/pi.c
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/pi.c
rename to src/utils/pi.c
diff --git a/src/programs/primes.c b/src/utils/primes.c
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/primes.c
rename to src/utils/primes.c
diff --git a/src/programs/snake.c b/src/utils/snake.c
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/snake.c
rename to src/utils/snake.c
diff --git a/src/programs/sysinfo.c b/src/utils/sysinfo.c
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/sysinfo.c
rename to src/utils/sysinfo.c
diff --git a/src/programs/programs.h b/src/utils/utils.h
similarity index 96%
rename from src/programs/programs.h
rename to src/utils/utils.h
index 097900f..80e6e51 100644
--- a/src/programs/programs.h
+++ b/src/utils/utils.h
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 // Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
 // https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
 
-#ifndef PROGRAMS_H
-#define PROGRAMS_H
+#ifndef UTILS_H
+#define UTILS_H
 
 void program_words();
 void program_primes();
diff --git a/src/programs/words.c b/src/utils/words.c
similarity index 100%
rename from src/programs/words.c
rename to src/utils/words.c

From 03b712ace0a090626c0f8564d25b9177bac5b6ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: xamidev <121681048+xamidev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Sep 2024 22:39:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2/9] Program loading, build system for apps, and badly-made
 lib linking.

---
 .gitignore           |   1 +
 hello.bin            | Bin 0 -> 55760 bytes
 makefile             |  23 +++++++++++++---
 program.ld           |  10 +++++++
 src/kernel/initrd.c  |  62 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/kernel/initrd.h  |   1 +
 src/kernel/kmain.c   |  10 +++++++
 src/programs/hello.c |   6 +++++
 8 files changed, 109 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100755 hello.bin
 create mode 100644 program.ld
 create mode 100644 src/programs/hello.c

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 6827c05..ee3f05e 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -5,3 +5,4 @@ blankos.iso
 iso/
 i386-elf-7.5.0-Linux-x86_64/
 i386-elf-7.5.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.xz
+src/initrd/*.bin
diff --git a/hello.bin b/hello.bin
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..202136584a556965fef3dcfb0cb7e209251674ee
GIT binary patch
literal 55760
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HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/makefile b/makefile
index 0e216e4..ab2aa73 100644
--- a/makefile
+++ b/makefile
@@ -1,22 +1,27 @@
 CC = i386-elf-7.5.0-Linux-x86_64/bin/i386-elf-gcc
 CFLAGS = -ffreestanding -g -Wall -Wextra -Wno-builtin-declaration-mismatch -mno-sse -mno-mmx -mno-avx -march=i386 -c -I src/
+LD = ld
 LDFLAGS = -T link.ld -melf_i386
 AS = nasm
 ASFLAGS = -f elf
+AR = i386-elf-7.5.0-Linux-x86_64/bin/i386-elf-ar
 
 SRC_DIR = src
 KERNEL_DIR = $(SRC_DIR)/kernel
 LIBC_DIR = $(SRC_DIR)/libc
 UTILS_DIR = $(SRC_DIR)/utils
 DRIVERS_DIR = $(SRC_DIR)/drivers
+PROGRAMS_DIR = $(SRC_DIR)/programs
 INCLUDE_DIR = include
 FONTS_DIR = $(INCLUDE_DIR)/fonts
 OBJ_DIR = build
 
 C_SOURCES = $(wildcard $(KERNEL_DIR)/*.c) $(wildcard $(LIBC_DIR)/*.c) $(wildcard $(UTILS_DIR)/*.c) $(wildcard $(DRIVERS_DIR)/*.c)
 ASM_SOURCES = $(wildcard $(KERNEL_DIR)/*.s) $(wildcard $(LIBC_DIR)/*.s) $(wildcard $(UTILS_DIR)/*.s) $(wildcard $(DRIVERS_DIR)/*.s)
+PROGRAM_SOURCES = $(wildcard $(PROGRAMS_DIR)/*.c)
 
 OBJECTS = $(patsubst $(SRC_DIR)/%, $(OBJ_DIR)/%, $(C_SOURCES:.c=.o) $(ASM_SOURCES:.s=.o)) 
+PROGRAM_OBJECTS = $(patsubst $(SRC_DIR)/%, $(OBJ_DIR)/%, $(PROGRAM_SOURCES:.c=.o))
 
 TOOLCHAIN_SRC = https://newos.org/toolchains/i386-elf-7.5.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.xz
 TOOLCHAIN_FILE = i386-elf-7.5.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.xz
@@ -24,14 +29,24 @@ TOOLCHAIN_FILE = i386-elf-7.5.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.xz
 FONT_OBJ = $(OBJ_DIR)/fonts/UniCyr_8x16.o
 FONT_SRC = $(FONTS_DIR)/UniCyr_8x16.psf
 
-all: $(OBJ_DIR) kernel.elf
+all: $(OBJ_DIR) lib kernel.elf programs
 
 $(OBJ_DIR):
 	mkdir -p $(OBJ_DIR)
-	mkdir -p $(OBJ_DIR)/kernel $(OBJ_DIR)/libc $(OBJ_DIR)/utils $(OBJ_DIR)/drivers $(OBJ_DIR)/fonts
+	mkdir -p $(OBJ_DIR)/kernel $(OBJ_DIR)/libc $(OBJ_DIR)/utils $(OBJ_DIR)/drivers $(OBJ_DIR)/fonts $(OBJ_DIR)/programs
 
+lib: $(OBJECTS) $(FONT_OBJ)
+	$(AR) rcs $(OBJ_DIR)/lib.a $(OBJECTS) $(FONT_OBJ)
+	
 kernel.elf: $(OBJECTS) $(FONT_OBJ)
-	ld $(LDFLAGS) $(OBJECTS) $(FONT_OBJ) -o kernel.elf
+	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) $(OBJECTS) $(FONT_OBJ) -o kernel.elf
+
+programs: $(PROGRAM_OBJECTS)
+	@mkdir -p $(SRC_DIR)/initrd
+	@for prog in $(PROGRAM_OBJECTS); do \
+		base=$$(basename $$prog .o); \
+		$(LD) -melf_i386 -T program.ld $$prog $(OBJ_DIR)/lib.a -o $(SRC_DIR)/initrd/$$base.bin; \
+	done
 
 $(OBJ_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/%.c
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@
@@ -66,5 +81,5 @@ debug:
 	./debug.sh
 
 clean:
-	rm -rf $(OBJ_DIR) kernel.elf blankos.iso $(TOOLCHAIN_FILE)
+	rm -rf $(OBJ_DIR) kernel.elf blankos.iso $(TOOLCHAIN_FILE) $(SRC_DIR)/initrd/*.bin
 
diff --git a/program.ld b/program.ld
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc36352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/program.ld
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+OUTPUT_FORMAT(binary)
+ENTRY(main)
+
+SECTIONS
+{
+	. = 0x1000;
+	.text : { *(.text*) }
+	.data : { *(.data*) }
+	.bss : { *(.bss*) }
+}
diff --git a/src/kernel/initrd.c b/src/kernel/initrd.c
index 0742d4f..3183f20 100644
--- a/src/kernel/initrd.c
+++ b/src/kernel/initrd.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "../libc/string.h"
 #include "initrd.h"
 #include "system.h"
+#include "kheap.h"
 
 static unsigned int octal_to_int(const char* str, size_t size)
 {
@@ -31,6 +32,18 @@ uint32_t tar_parse_size(const char* in)
 	return size;
 }
 
+uint32_t tar_get_size(tar_header_t* header)
+{
+	uint32_t size = 0;
+	char* size_str = header->size;
+
+	for (int i=0; i<11 && size_str[i] != '\0'; i++)
+	{
+		size = size*8 + (size_str[i]-'0');
+	}
+	return size;
+}
+
 void tar_find_file(uint8_t *tar_start, const char* filename)
 {
 	uint8_t *ptr = tar_start;
@@ -174,3 +187,52 @@ uint32_t tar_get_file_size(uint8_t* initrd, const char* filename)
 	}
 	return -1;
 }
+
+tar_header_t* tar_find(uint8_t* initrd, const char* filename)
+{
+	tar_header_t* header = (tar_header_t*)initrd;
+	while (header->filename[0] != '\0')
+	{
+		if (strcmp(header->filename, filename) == 0)
+		{
+			return header;
+		}
+
+		uint32_t file_size = tar_get_size(header);
+		uint32_t file_blocks = (file_size + 511)/512;
+		header = (tar_header_t*) ((uintptr_t)header+(file_blocks+1)*512);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+void* tar_get_file_content(tar_header_t* header)
+{
+	return (void*) ((uintptr_t)header+512);
+}
+
+void* load_file_from_initrd(uint8_t* initrd, const char* filename)
+{
+	tar_header_t* file = tar_find(initrd, filename);
+	if (file == NULL)
+	{
+		printf("'%s' not found\n", filename);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	uint32_t file_size = tar_get_size(file);
+
+	void* file_data = malloc(file_size);
+	if (file_data == NULL)
+	{
+		printf("Malloc error for file '%s'\n", filename);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	void* file_content = tar_get_file_content(file);
+	memcpy(file_data, file_content, file_size);
+
+	printf("Loaded '%s' at 0x%x, size=%u\n", filename, (unsigned int)file_data, file_size);
+
+	return file_data;
+}
diff --git a/src/kernel/initrd.h b/src/kernel/initrd.h
index 714bf84..3772153 100644
--- a/src/kernel/initrd.h
+++ b/src/kernel/initrd.h
@@ -35,5 +35,6 @@ void ls_initrd(uint8_t* initrd, int verbose);
 void cat_initrd(uint8_t* initrd, const char* filename);
 int tar_file_to_buffer(uint8_t* initrd, const char* filename, char* buffer);
 uint32_t tar_get_file_size(uint8_t* initrd, const char* filename);
+void* load_file_from_initrd(uint8_t* initrd, const char* filename);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/kernel/kmain.c b/src/kernel/kmain.c
index b506a74..e64b0bb 100644
--- a/src/kernel/kmain.c
+++ b/src/kernel/kmain.c
@@ -118,6 +118,16 @@ void kmain(multiboot2_info *mb_info)
     printf("[debug] malloc test ptr1=0x%x, ptr2=0x%x\n", (unsigned int)ptr1, (unsigned int)ptr2); 
     free(ptr1); free(ptr2);
 
+    // usually the place where i do testing
+
+    void* binary_file = load_file_from_initrd((uint8_t*)initrd_addr, "./hello.bin");
+    if (binary_file == NULL)
+    {
+	printf("NOT LOADED...\n");
+    } else {
+	printf("LOADED!\n");
+    }
+
     timer_install();
     keyboard_install();
     printf("[kernel] spawning shell...\n"); 
diff --git a/src/programs/hello.c b/src/programs/hello.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8cffe15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/programs/hello.c
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#include "../libc/stdio.h"
+
+void main()
+{
+	printf("Hello, world, from a PROGRAM!\n");
+}

From c885e69be4de015586566a2ce3193e773cd4f3c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: xamidev <121681048+xamidev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Sep 2024 22:55:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3/9] Loaded program cannot do stuff. Answer=syscalls?

---
 src/kernel/kmain.c   | 7 +++++--
 src/programs/hello.c | 4 +++-
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/kernel/kmain.c b/src/kernel/kmain.c
index e64b0bb..ebcaba4 100644
--- a/src/kernel/kmain.c
+++ b/src/kernel/kmain.c
@@ -78,14 +78,14 @@ void kmain(multiboot2_info *mb_info)
 		
 		if (mmap->addr != 0)
 		{
-			
+			/*
 			serial_printf(3, "base addr=0x%x%x, length=0x%x%x, type=%u",
 				(uint32_t) (mmap->addr >> 32),
 				(uint32_t) (mmap->addr & 0xFFFFFFFF),
 				(uint32_t) (mmap->len >> 32),
 				(uint32_t) (mmap->len & 0xFFFFFFFF),
 				mmap->type);
-			
+			*/
 		}
 
 		mmap = (struct multiboot_mmap_entry*) ((uint8_t*)mmap + mmap_tag->entry_size);
@@ -128,6 +128,9 @@ void kmain(multiboot2_info *mb_info)
 	printf("LOADED!\n");
     }
 
+    void (*program_entry)() = (void (*)())binary_file;
+    program_entry();
+
     timer_install();
     keyboard_install();
     printf("[kernel] spawning shell...\n"); 
diff --git a/src/programs/hello.c b/src/programs/hello.c
index 8cffe15..f4c73e9 100644
--- a/src/programs/hello.c
+++ b/src/programs/hello.c
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
+#include "../drivers/serial.h"
 
 void main()
 {
-	printf("Hello, world, from a PROGRAM!\n");
+	serial_printf(3, "Hello, world, from a PROGRAM!\n");
+	return;
 }

From e6f119236bf2e4492eafb255683f54b19a6c5272 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: xamidev <121681048+xamidev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 15 Sep 2024 11:30:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 4/9] Fix: kernel stack

---
 src/kernel/loader.s | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/kernel/loader.s b/src/kernel/loader.s
index 11d8aeb..7ae9c0a 100644
--- a/src/kernel/loader.s
+++ b/src/kernel/loader.s
@@ -213,5 +213,5 @@ irq_common_stub:
 section .bss
 align 4 
 
-resb KERNEL_STACK_SIZE
 kernel_stack:
+	resb KERNEL_STACK_SIZE

From af716cb2ec3a8b564154c4726957d8a1394bd67c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: xamidev <121681048+xamidev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 2024 14:38:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 5/9] minor fixes

---
 hello.bin            | Bin 55760 -> 0 bytes
 makefile             |   2 +-
 src/kernel/initrd.c  |   2 +-
 src/kernel/kheap.c   |   2 ++
 src/kernel/kheap.h   |   1 -
 src/kernel/kmain.c   |   4 ++--
 src/kernel/syscall.c |  20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 src/kernel/syscall.h |   8 ++++++++
 src/programs/hello.c |   7 ++++---
 9 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100755 hello.bin
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/syscall.c
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/syscall.h

diff --git a/hello.bin b/hello.bin
deleted file mode 100755
index 202136584a556965fef3dcfb0cb7e209251674ee..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
GIT binary patch
literal 0
HcmV?d00001

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diff --git a/makefile b/makefile
index ab2aa73..386b5c8 100644
--- a/makefile
+++ b/makefile
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 CC = i386-elf-7.5.0-Linux-x86_64/bin/i386-elf-gcc
-CFLAGS = -ffreestanding -g -Wall -Wextra -Wno-builtin-declaration-mismatch -mno-sse -mno-mmx -mno-avx -march=i386 -c -I src/
+CFLAGS = -ffreestanding -g -Wall -Wextra -mno-sse -mno-mmx -mno-avx -march=i386 -c -I src/
 LD = ld
 LDFLAGS = -T link.ld -melf_i386
 AS = nasm
diff --git a/src/kernel/initrd.c b/src/kernel/initrd.c
index 3183f20..84cccc0 100644
--- a/src/kernel/initrd.c
+++ b/src/kernel/initrd.c
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ void* load_file_from_initrd(uint8_t* initrd, const char* filename)
 	void* file_content = tar_get_file_content(file);
 	memcpy(file_data, file_content, file_size);
 
-	printf("Loaded '%s' at 0x%x, size=%u\n", filename, (unsigned int)file_data, file_size);
+	printf("[initrd] Loaded '%s' at 0x%x, size=%u\n", filename, (unsigned int)file_data, file_size);
 
 	return file_data;
 }
diff --git a/src/kernel/kheap.c b/src/kernel/kheap.c
index d845103..888ed1d 100644
--- a/src/kernel/kheap.c
+++ b/src/kernel/kheap.c
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "kheap.h"
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include "system.h"
+#include "../libc/stdio.h"
 
 // Free list allocator
 
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ void init_alloc()
 	free_list = (block_t*)heap;
 	free_list->size = HEAP_SIZE-sizeof(block_t);
 	free_list->next = NULL;
+	printf("[kernel] initialized heap and allocator, start=0x%x\n", heap);
 }
 
 void* malloc(size_t size)
diff --git a/src/kernel/kheap.h b/src/kernel/kheap.h
index 8aba820..f41fa37 100644
--- a/src/kernel/kheap.h
+++ b/src/kernel/kheap.h
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ typedef struct block
 
 #define HEAP_SIZE 1024*1024	// 1MB malloc-able
 
-
 void init_alloc();
 void* malloc(size_t size);
 void free(void* ptr);
diff --git a/src/kernel/kmain.c b/src/kernel/kmain.c
index ebcaba4..b1e60a8 100644
--- a/src/kernel/kmain.c
+++ b/src/kernel/kmain.c
@@ -123,9 +123,9 @@ void kmain(multiboot2_info *mb_info)
     void* binary_file = load_file_from_initrd((uint8_t*)initrd_addr, "./hello.bin");
     if (binary_file == NULL)
     {
-	printf("NOT LOADED...\n");
+	printf("[debug] Failed to load test program!\n");
     } else {
-	printf("LOADED!\n");
+	printf("[debug] Test program loaded!\n");
     }
 
     void (*program_entry)() = (void (*)())binary_file;
diff --git a/src/kernel/syscall.c b/src/kernel/syscall.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a117fc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/syscall.c
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include "../libc/stdio.h"
+#include "syscall.h"
+
+syscall_t syscalls[] = {
+	(syscall_t)printf,
+};
+
+int syscall_handler(int syscall_num, ...)
+{
+	if ((unsigned)syscall_num < sizeof(syscalls)/sizeof(syscall_t))
+	{
+		va_list args;
+		va_start(args, syscall_num);
+		syscalls[syscall_num](va_arg(args, const char*));
+		va_end(args);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return -1;
+}
diff --git a/src/kernel/syscall.h b/src/kernel/syscall.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4367ba6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/syscall.h
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef SYSCALL_H
+#define SYSCALL_H
+
+#define SYSCALL_PRINTF 0
+
+typedef void (*syscall_t)();
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/programs/hello.c b/src/programs/hello.c
index f4c73e9..09df5fa 100644
--- a/src/programs/hello.c
+++ b/src/programs/hello.c
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-#include "../libc/stdio.h"
-#include "../drivers/serial.h"
+void user_printf(const char* format) {
+    asm volatile ("int $0x80" : : "a"(1), "b"(format));
+}
 
 void main()
 {
-	serial_printf(3, "Hello, world, from a PROGRAM!\n");
+	user_printf("Hello, world, from a PROGRAM!\n");
 	return;
 }

From d02b3d62cb73006c922c82a7fbe464cc1815162a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: xamidev <121681048+xamidev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 2024 16:43:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 6/9] err: invalid syscall no

---
 src/kernel/irq.c      |  4 ++++
 src/kernel/loader.s   | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/kernel/syscall.c  | 20 --------------------
 src/kernel/syscall.h  |  8 --------
 src/kernel/syscalls.c | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/kernel/system.h   |  2 ++
 src/programs/hello.c  |  7 ++++---
 7 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/kernel/syscall.c
 delete mode 100644 src/kernel/syscall.h
 create mode 100644 src/kernel/syscalls.c

diff --git a/src/kernel/irq.c b/src/kernel/irq.c
index 05f6f6f..baa117a 100644
--- a/src/kernel/irq.c
+++ b/src/kernel/irq.c
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ extern void irq13();
 extern void irq14();
 extern void irq15();
 
+extern void syscall_common_stub();
+
 void *irq_routines[16] =
 {
 	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
@@ -76,6 +78,8 @@ void irq_install()
 	idt_set_gate(46, (unsigned)irq14, 0x08, 0x8E);
 	idt_set_gate(47, (unsigned)irq15, 0x08, 0x8E);
 	printf("[kernel] installed irq 0-15\n");
+
+	idt_set_gate(0x80, (unsigned long)syscall_common_stub, 0x08, 0x8E);
 }
 
 void irq_handler(struct regs *r)
diff --git a/src/kernel/loader.s b/src/kernel/loader.s
index 7ae9c0a..1011219 100644
--- a/src/kernel/loader.s
+++ b/src/kernel/loader.s
@@ -210,6 +210,37 @@ irq_common_stub:
 	add esp, 8
 	iret
 
+; we'll be placing the syscall_common_stub here.
+; push everything, then call syscall_handler (be sure to define it extern)
+; then pop back everything and iret
+extern syscall_handler
+
+global syscall_common_stub
+syscall_common_stub:
+	pusha
+	push ds
+	push es
+	push fs
+	push gs
+	
+	mov eax, ds
+	push eax	; save ds
+	mov ax, 0x10	; kernel segment
+	mov ds, ax
+	mov es, ax
+	
+	call syscall_handler
+
+	pop eax
+	mov ds, eax	; restore ds
+
+	pop gs
+	pop fs
+	pop es
+	pop ds
+	popa
+	iret
+
 section .bss
 align 4 
 
diff --git a/src/kernel/syscall.c b/src/kernel/syscall.c
deleted file mode 100644
index a117fc7..0000000
--- a/src/kernel/syscall.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-#include <stdarg.h>
-#include "../libc/stdio.h"
-#include "syscall.h"
-
-syscall_t syscalls[] = {
-	(syscall_t)printf,
-};
-
-int syscall_handler(int syscall_num, ...)
-{
-	if ((unsigned)syscall_num < sizeof(syscalls)/sizeof(syscall_t))
-	{
-		va_list args;
-		va_start(args, syscall_num);
-		syscalls[syscall_num](va_arg(args, const char*));
-		va_end(args);
-		return 0;
-	}
-	return -1;
-}
diff --git a/src/kernel/syscall.h b/src/kernel/syscall.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 4367ba6..0000000
--- a/src/kernel/syscall.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef SYSCALL_H
-#define SYSCALL_H
-
-#define SYSCALL_PRINTF 0
-
-typedef void (*syscall_t)();
-
-#endif
diff --git a/src/kernel/syscalls.c b/src/kernel/syscalls.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2e20dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/syscalls.c
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// System calls
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+#include "../libc/stdio.h"
+
+void handle_syscall(int syscall_number, void* arg)
+{
+	switch(syscall_number)
+	{
+		case 1:
+			puts("Here's the syscall 1\n");
+			break;
+		default:
+			printf("[error] Invalid syscall number '%d'!\n", syscall_number);
+			break;
+	}
+}
+
+void syscall_handler()
+{
+	int syscall_number;
+	void* arg;
+	// mov eax, syscall_number
+	// mov ebx, arg
+	asm volatile("mov %%eax, %0" : "=r"(syscall_number));
+	asm volatile("mov %%ebx, %0" : "=r"(arg));
+
+	printf("[syscall] syscall_number=%d, arg=%p\n", syscall_number, arg);
+
+	handle_syscall(syscall_number, arg);
+}
diff --git a/src/kernel/system.h b/src/kernel/system.h
index 240f208..966d72b 100644
--- a/src/kernel/system.h
+++ b/src/kernel/system.h
@@ -39,5 +39,7 @@ extern volatile unsigned long global_ticks;
 
 extern unsigned int g_multiboot_info_address;
 
+void syscall_handler();
+
 #endif
 
diff --git a/src/programs/hello.c b/src/programs/hello.c
index 09df5fa..af3a85f 100644
--- a/src/programs/hello.c
+++ b/src/programs/hello.c
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-void user_printf(const char* format) {
-    asm volatile ("int $0x80" : : "a"(1), "b"(format));
+void user_syscall(int syscall_no) {
+	asm volatile ("mov %0, %%eax" : : "r"(syscall_no));
+	asm volatile ("int $0x80"); 
 }
 
 void main()
 {
-	user_printf("Hello, world, from a PROGRAM!\n");
+	user_syscall(1);
 	return;
 }

From 5ad32d3ee1546b02cd895cb1bdb4c484d514e858 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: xamidev <121681048+xamidev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 2024 17:40:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 7/9] remove: useless lib rule

---
 makefile | 7 ++-----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/makefile b/makefile
index 386b5c8..a7d9edf 100644
--- a/makefile
+++ b/makefile
@@ -29,14 +29,11 @@ TOOLCHAIN_FILE = i386-elf-7.5.0-Linux-x86_64.tar.xz
 FONT_OBJ = $(OBJ_DIR)/fonts/UniCyr_8x16.o
 FONT_SRC = $(FONTS_DIR)/UniCyr_8x16.psf
 
-all: $(OBJ_DIR) lib kernel.elf programs
+all: $(OBJ_DIR) kernel.elf programs
 
 $(OBJ_DIR):
 	mkdir -p $(OBJ_DIR)
 	mkdir -p $(OBJ_DIR)/kernel $(OBJ_DIR)/libc $(OBJ_DIR)/utils $(OBJ_DIR)/drivers $(OBJ_DIR)/fonts $(OBJ_DIR)/programs
-
-lib: $(OBJECTS) $(FONT_OBJ)
-	$(AR) rcs $(OBJ_DIR)/lib.a $(OBJECTS) $(FONT_OBJ)
 	
 kernel.elf: $(OBJECTS) $(FONT_OBJ)
 	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) $(OBJECTS) $(FONT_OBJ) -o kernel.elf
@@ -45,7 +42,7 @@ programs: $(PROGRAM_OBJECTS)
 	@mkdir -p $(SRC_DIR)/initrd
 	@for prog in $(PROGRAM_OBJECTS); do \
 		base=$$(basename $$prog .o); \
-		$(LD) -melf_i386 -T program.ld $$prog $(OBJ_DIR)/lib.a -o $(SRC_DIR)/initrd/$$base.bin; \
+		$(LD) -melf_i386 -T program.ld $$prog -o $(SRC_DIR)/initrd/$$base.bin; \
 	done
 
 $(OBJ_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/%.c

From 1fa4b5c70a3a23617ecd0f2effd85adf1eb829f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: xamidev <121681048+xamidev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Sep 2024 15:46:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 8/9] Add: exec feature for binaries

---
 docs/DEVELOPERS.md    |  2 ++
 docs/USERS.md         |  4 ++++
 src/kernel/kmain.c    | 11 -----------
 src/kernel/loader.s   |  2 +-
 src/kernel/shell.c    |  1 +
 src/kernel/syscalls.c |  4 ++--
 src/utils/misc.c      | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/utils/utils.h     |  3 +++
 8 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/docs/DEVELOPERS.md b/docs/DEVELOPERS.md
index 045ccdc..262ed34 100644
--- a/docs/DEVELOPERS.md
+++ b/docs/DEVELOPERS.md
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ sudo qemu-system-i386 -drive if=pflash,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/OV
 
 Be warned, these are not actual programs in the sense you'd expect. These are indeed functions that are called from the shell, and embedded in the kernel ELF binary. Real programs apart from the kernel are not yet a thing here, but might be one day.
 
+(Now, there is a 'beginning' of something that we could call real programs, but I still suck at making the syscalls work. One day, one day...)
+
 ### Step 1 - Making the program and the entry point
 
 To make a program for the OS, first create the appropriate C source file and header file in the `src/programs` subfolder. Name it appropriately, for example `myprogram.c`.
diff --git a/docs/USERS.md b/docs/USERS.md
index a0fe44e..554c431 100644
--- a/docs/USERS.md
+++ b/docs/USERS.md
@@ -143,3 +143,7 @@ Starts a simplified and buggy snake game. You can choose the speed by setting th
 Controls:
 - `q` to quit
 - `wasd` to move
+
+#### `exec <binary>`
+
+Executes a binary file. Warning: this is highly broken and syscalls aren't working. It's written in a childish manner. Help is always appreciated (lol).
diff --git a/src/kernel/kmain.c b/src/kernel/kmain.c
index b1e60a8..45a1820 100644
--- a/src/kernel/kmain.c
+++ b/src/kernel/kmain.c
@@ -120,17 +120,6 @@ void kmain(multiboot2_info *mb_info)
 
     // usually the place where i do testing
 
-    void* binary_file = load_file_from_initrd((uint8_t*)initrd_addr, "./hello.bin");
-    if (binary_file == NULL)
-    {
-	printf("[debug] Failed to load test program!\n");
-    } else {
-	printf("[debug] Test program loaded!\n");
-    }
-
-    void (*program_entry)() = (void (*)())binary_file;
-    program_entry();
-
     timer_install();
     keyboard_install();
     printf("[kernel] spawning shell...\n"); 
diff --git a/src/kernel/loader.s b/src/kernel/loader.s
index 1011219..1029284 100644
--- a/src/kernel/loader.s
+++ b/src/kernel/loader.s
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ syscall_common_stub:
 	
 	mov eax, ds
 	push eax	; save ds
-	mov ax, 0x10	; kernel segment
+	mov ax, 0x01	; kernel segment YES I CHEATED I KNOW THIS SUCKS
 	mov ds, ax
 	mov es, ax
 	
diff --git a/src/kernel/shell.c b/src/kernel/shell.c
index c1e75be..febd98c 100644
--- a/src/kernel/shell.c
+++ b/src/kernel/shell.c
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ void shell_install()
   register_command("lspci", program_lspci);
   register_command("naval", program_navalbattle);
   register_command("snake", program_snake);
+  register_command("exec", program_exec);
 
   for (;;)
   {
diff --git a/src/kernel/syscalls.c b/src/kernel/syscalls.c
index a2e20dd..aac4650 100644
--- a/src/kernel/syscalls.c
+++ b/src/kernel/syscalls.c
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 #include "../libc/stdio.h"
 
-void handle_syscall(int syscall_number, void* arg)
+void handle_syscall(int syscall_number)
 {
 	switch(syscall_number)
 	{
@@ -29,5 +29,5 @@ void syscall_handler()
 
 	printf("[syscall] syscall_number=%d, arg=%p\n", syscall_number, arg);
 
-	handle_syscall(syscall_number, arg);
+	handle_syscall(syscall_number);
 }
diff --git a/src/utils/misc.c b/src/utils/misc.c
index c8f364d..717ff31 100644
--- a/src/utils/misc.c
+++ b/src/utils/misc.c
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 #include "../drivers/rtc.h"
 #include "../kernel/io.h"
 #include "../drivers/pci.h"
+#include "../kernel/initrd.h"
+#include "../kernel/kmain.h"
 
 // Print a rainbow colorful text for testing
 
@@ -74,7 +76,7 @@ void program_uptime()
 
 void program_help()
 {
-	printf("help\tpanic\twords\tprimes\trainbow\tclear\nmath\tbf\t   uptime   echo\t  sysinfo\tconway\nrot13   morse\tcowsay   time\t  read\t   reboot\npi\t  ls\t   cat\t  bmp\t   lspci\t  naval\nsnake\n");
+	printf("help\tpanic\twords\tprimes\trainbow\tclear\nmath\tbf\t   uptime   echo\t  sysinfo\tconway\nrot13   morse\tcowsay   time\t  read\t   reboot\npi\t  ls\t   cat\t  bmp\t   lspci\t  naval\nsnake   exec\n");
 }
 
 // Panic
@@ -133,7 +135,7 @@ void program_read(int argc, char* argv[])
 	}
 }
 
-// Reboots the machine (might just shutdown)
+// Reboots the machine (might just shutdown) (or do nothing if youre lucky)
 
 void program_reboot()
 {
@@ -151,3 +153,24 @@ void program_lspci()
 {
 	scan_pci_bus();
 }
+
+// Executes binary file
+
+void program_exec(int argc, char* argv[])
+{
+	if (argc < 2)
+	{
+		puts("Usage: exec <binary>\n");
+		return;
+	} 
+	void* binary_file = load_file_from_initrd((uint8_t*)initrd_addr, argv[1]); 
+
+	if (binary_file == NULL)
+	{
+		printf("[exec] Failed to load program '%s'.\n", argv[1]);
+		return;
+	} 
+
+	void (*program_entry)() = (void (*)())binary_file;
+	program_entry();
+}
diff --git a/src/utils/utils.h b/src/utils/utils.h
index 80e6e51..419974f 100644
--- a/src/utils/utils.h
+++ b/src/utils/utils.h
@@ -45,4 +45,7 @@ void program_navalbattle();
 void program_conway();
 void program_snake();
 
+// Binaries loading and execution
+void program_exec();
+
 #endif

From c104657d523ed574ebf63cbd2b35ba4346ddc421 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: xamidev <121681048+xamidev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Sep 2024 16:39:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 9/9] WIP: uhex RO port

---
 src/utils/uhex.c | 72 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 72 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/utils/uhex.c

diff --git a/src/utils/uhex.c b/src/utils/uhex.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f47be49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/uhex.c
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// uhex (microhex) port for BlankOS; read-only version
+// Author: xamidev
+// Licensed under the Unlicense. See the repo below.
+// https://github.com/xamidev/blankos
+
+// This version is the port of a hex viewer which already was not great,
+// and now by being here it is even worse because it is RO and will have
+// hardcoded stuff in it (no ioctl, STDOUT, or other stuff here...)
+
+/*
+
+#define BYTES 1024
+#define round(x) (int)(x < 0 ? (x -0.5) : x + 0.5)
+
+// WIP: pushed but not done yet
+
+void print_hex(unsigned char* buf, int byteno, int pos, int BYTES_PER_LINE)
+{
+	for (int i=0; i<byteno; i++)
+	{
+		if (i%BYTES_PER_LINE == 0)
+		{
+			if (i != 0)
+			{
+				printf(" ");
+				for (int j=i-BYTES_PER_LINE; j<i; j++)
+				{
+					if (isprint(buf[j])) colorprintf(salmon, black, "%c", buf[j]);
+					else printf(".");
+				}
+			}
+			puts("\n");
+
+			if (pos == 0) printf("%06d:   ", i);
+			else printf("%06d:   ", pos);
+		}
+	printf("%2x", buf[i]);
+	}
+
+	int padding = BYTES_PER_LINE - (byteno % BYTES_PER_LINE);
+	if (padding < BYTES_PER_LINE)
+	{
+		for (int i=0; i<padding; i++) printf("   ");
+		printf("  ");
+	}
+	int start = byteno-(byteno%BYTES_PER_LINE);
+	for (int j=start; j<byteno; j++)
+	{
+		if (isprint(buf[j])) {
+			colorprintf(salmon, black, "%c", buf[j]);
+		} else {
+			printf(".");
+		}
+	}
+	puts("\n");
+}
+
+void program_uhex(int argc, char* argv[])
+{
+	if (argc < 2)
+	{
+		printf("Usage: uhex <file>\nInline commands:\n\tpX - print position X\n\teX - edit position X\n\tq - quit\n");
+		return;
+	}
+
+	int BYTES_PER_LINE = 20;
+
+	
+
+}
+
+*/